Table 2. Social demographics by death status at time of censoring and bivariate model of all-cause mortality for hazard ratio.
| Alive | Dead | Hazard ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | P-valuea | |
| (n = 4239) | (n = 8565) | |||
| Year of admission | Stratification | variable | ||
| 1996 | 112 (2.6) | 473 (5.5) | ||
| 1997 | 266 (6.3) | 1025 (12.0) | ||
| 1998 | 270 (6.4) | 1046 (12.2) | ||
| 1999 | 355 (8.4) | 1002 (11.7) | ||
| 2000 | 349 (8.2) | 856 (10.0) | ||
| 2001 | 384 (9.1) | 855 (10.0) | ||
| 2002 | 365 (8.6) | 748 (8.7) | ||
| 2003 | 534 (12.6) | 834 (9.7) | ||
| 2004 | 726 (17.1) | 905 (10.6) | ||
| 2005 | 878 (20.7) | 821 (9.6) | ||
| Primary diagnosis at admission | Stratification | variable | ||
| Stroke | 1708 (40.3) | 3532 (41.2) | ||
| Fracture | 1343 (31.7) | 2438 (28.5) | ||
| Amputation | 72 (1.7) | 227 (2.7) | ||
| Others | 745 (17.6) | 1689 (19.7) | ||
| Lower limb arthroplasty | 237 (5.6) | 125 (1.5) | ||
| Cancer | 47 (1.1) | 196 (2.3) | ||
| Falls | 46 (1.1) | 186 (2.2) | ||
| Pneumonia | 41 (1.0) | 172 (2.0) | ||
| Gender | Stratification | variable | ||
| Female | 2619 (61.8) | 4844 (56.6) | ||
| Male | 1620 (38.2) | 3721 (43.4) | ||
| Age group | Stratification | variable | ||
| Age: 18–64 years | 1502 (35.4) | 1169 (13.7) | ||
| Age: ≥65 years | 2737 (64.6) | 7396 (86.4) | ||
| Length of stay (days), median (25th–75th) | 31 (20–45) | 31 (20–47) | 0.999 (0.998–1.000) | 0.010 |
| Community hospital | ||||
| A | 1164 (27.5) | 2076 (24.2) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| B | 2159 (50.9) | 4568 (53.3) | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | 0.126 |
| C | 744 (17.6) | 1637 (19.1) | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | 0.084 |
| D | 172 (4.1) | 284 (3.3) | 1.43 (1.25–1.63) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Chinese | 3738 (88.2) | 7555 (88.2) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Malay | 262 (6.2) | 586 (6.8) | 1.23 (1.13–1.35) | <0.001 |
| Indian | 186 (4.4) | 332 (3.9) | 1.00 (0.90–1.13) | 0.933 |
| Others | 53 (1.3) | 92 (1.1) | 0.89 (0.72–1.10) | 0.269 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 518 (12.2) | 581 (6.8) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Married | 1939 (45.7) | 3544 (41.4) | 1.19 (1.08–1.30) | <0.001 |
| Widowed | 1615 (38.1) | 4238 (49.5) | 1.47 (1.34–1.61) | <0.001 |
| Separated/Divorced | 167 (3.9) | 202 (2.4) | 1.10 (0.94–1.30) | 0.237 |
| Caregiver | ||||
| No | 485 (11.4) | 772 (9.0) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Yes | 3754 (88.6) | 7793 (91.0) | 1.19 (1.10–1.28) | <0.001 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| High | 424 (10.0) | 783 (9.1) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Moderate | 1361 (32.1) | 3117 (36.4) | 1.12 (1.04–1.22) | 0.005 |
| Low | 2454 (57.9) | 4665 (54.5) | 1.31 (1.21–1.42) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity burden (Charlson comorbidity index) | ||||
| None (0) | 1107 (26.1) | 1270 (14.8) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Low (1–3) | 1992 (47.0) | 3886 (45.4) | 1.43 (1.34–1.54) | <0.001 |
| Moderate (4–6) | 1049 (24.8) | 2963 (34.6) | 1.94 (1.79–2.09) | <0.001 |
| High (≥7) | 91 (2.2) | 446 (5.2) | 2.80 (2.49–3.16) | <0.001 |
| Discharge disability measured by Barthel Index | ||||
| No or mild disability (75–100) | 2448 (57.8) | 2634 (30.8) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Moderate disability (50–74) | 1108 (26.1) | 2642 (30.9) | 1.54 (1.46–1.63) | <0.001 |
| Severe disability (25–49) | 349 (8.2) | 1537 (18.0) | 2.27 (2.12–2.42) | <0.001 |
| Total disability (0–24) | 334 (7.9) | 1752 (20.5) | 2.44 (2.28–2.61) | <0.001 |
| Discharge destination | ||||
| Home | 3579 (86.0) | 6195 (73.4) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Nursing Home | 291 (7.0) | 960 (11.4) | 1.37 (1.28–1.47) | <0.001 |
| Acute hospital | 293 (7.0) | 1290 (15.3) | 1.96 (1.84–2.09) | <0.001 |
a
P-value: Cox-proportional hazard model: stratified by age group (18–64, 65 and above), year of admission, gender, primary diagnosis at admission (stroke, fracture, amputation, lower limb arthroplasty, falls, others).