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. 2014 Aug 29;9(8):e106248. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106248

Table 2. Social demographics by death status at time of censoring and bivariate model of all-cause mortality for hazard ratio.

Alive Dead Hazard ratio (95% Confidence Interval) P-valuea
(n = 4239) (n = 8565)
Year of admission Stratification variable
1996 112 (2.6) 473 (5.5)
1997 266 (6.3) 1025 (12.0)
1998 270 (6.4) 1046 (12.2)
1999 355 (8.4) 1002 (11.7)
2000 349 (8.2) 856 (10.0)
2001 384 (9.1) 855 (10.0)
2002 365 (8.6) 748 (8.7)
2003 534 (12.6) 834 (9.7)
2004 726 (17.1) 905 (10.6)
2005 878 (20.7) 821 (9.6)
Primary diagnosis at admission Stratification variable
Stroke 1708 (40.3) 3532 (41.2)
Fracture 1343 (31.7) 2438 (28.5)
Amputation 72 (1.7) 227 (2.7)
Others 745 (17.6) 1689 (19.7)
Lower limb arthroplasty 237 (5.6) 125 (1.5)
Cancer 47 (1.1) 196 (2.3)
Falls 46 (1.1) 186 (2.2)
Pneumonia 41 (1.0) 172 (2.0)
Gender Stratification variable
Female 2619 (61.8) 4844 (56.6)
Male 1620 (38.2) 3721 (43.4)
Age group Stratification variable
Age: 18–64 years 1502 (35.4) 1169 (13.7)
Age: ≥65 years 2737 (64.6) 7396 (86.4)
Length of stay (days), median (25th–75th) 31 (20–45) 31 (20–47) 0.999 (0.998–1.000) 0.010
Community hospital
A 1164 (27.5) 2076 (24.2) 1.00 (ref)
B 2159 (50.9) 4568 (53.3) 1.04 (0.99–1.10) 0.126
C 744 (17.6) 1637 (19.1) 1.06 (0.99–1.14) 0.084
D 172 (4.1) 284 (3.3) 1.43 (1.25–1.63) <0.001
Ethnicity
Chinese 3738 (88.2) 7555 (88.2) 1.00 (ref)
Malay 262 (6.2) 586 (6.8) 1.23 (1.13–1.35) <0.001
Indian 186 (4.4) 332 (3.9) 1.00 (0.90–1.13) 0.933
Others 53 (1.3) 92 (1.1) 0.89 (0.72–1.10) 0.269
Marital status
Single 518 (12.2) 581 (6.8) 1.00 (ref)
Married 1939 (45.7) 3544 (41.4) 1.19 (1.08–1.30) <0.001
Widowed 1615 (38.1) 4238 (49.5) 1.47 (1.34–1.61) <0.001
Separated/Divorced 167 (3.9) 202 (2.4) 1.10 (0.94–1.30) 0.237
Caregiver
No 485 (11.4) 772 (9.0) 1.00 (ref)
Yes 3754 (88.6) 7793 (91.0) 1.19 (1.10–1.28) <0.001
Socioeconomic status
High 424 (10.0) 783 (9.1) 1.00 (ref)
Moderate 1361 (32.1) 3117 (36.4) 1.12 (1.04–1.22) 0.005
Low 2454 (57.9) 4665 (54.5) 1.31 (1.21–1.42) <0.001
Comorbidity burden (Charlson comorbidity index)
None (0) 1107 (26.1) 1270 (14.8) 1.00 (ref)
Low (1–3) 1992 (47.0) 3886 (45.4) 1.43 (1.34–1.54) <0.001
Moderate (4–6) 1049 (24.8) 2963 (34.6) 1.94 (1.79–2.09) <0.001
High (≥7) 91 (2.2) 446 (5.2) 2.80 (2.49–3.16) <0.001
Discharge disability measured by Barthel Index
No or mild disability (75–100) 2448 (57.8) 2634 (30.8) 1.00 (ref)
Moderate disability (50–74) 1108 (26.1) 2642 (30.9) 1.54 (1.46–1.63) <0.001
Severe disability (25–49) 349 (8.2) 1537 (18.0) 2.27 (2.12–2.42) <0.001
Total disability (0–24) 334 (7.9) 1752 (20.5) 2.44 (2.28–2.61) <0.001
Discharge destination
Home 3579 (86.0) 6195 (73.4) 1.00 (ref)
Nursing Home 291 (7.0) 960 (11.4) 1.37 (1.28–1.47) <0.001
Acute hospital 293 (7.0) 1290 (15.3) 1.96 (1.84–2.09) <0.001
a

P-value: Cox-proportional hazard model: stratified by age group (18–64, 65 and above), year of admission, gender, primary diagnosis at admission (stroke, fracture, amputation, lower limb arthroplasty, falls, others).