Table 1.
Characteristics of participants at baseline and at follow-up by sex and leisure-time physical activity categoriesa
| Men (N=1578) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline |
Follow-up |
|||||||
| Inactive (n=488) | Moderately active (n=521) | Active (n=569) | P c | Inactive (n=525) | Moderately active (n=527) | Active (n=526) | P c | |
| LTPA MET hours per dayb | MET<2.3 | 2.3≤MET<6.8 | MET≥6.8 | MET<2.2 | 2.2≤MET<5.4 | MET≥5.4 | ||
|
|
|
|||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 24.4 (0.9) | 24.4 (0.9) | 24.4 (1.0) | - | 34.0 (1.2) | 33.8 (1.1) | 33.8 (1.2) | *† |
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 77.7 (13.7) | 76.1 (11.8) | 77.1 (10.2) | - | 85.1 (14.8) | 82.6 (13.9) | 81.8 (11.6) | *† |
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 179.3 (6.6) | 179.3 (6.3) | 179.9 (6.7) | - | 179.5 (6.6) | 179.2 (6.3) | 179.9 (6.9) | - |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 24.1 (3.7) | 23.6 (3.1) | 23.8 (2.6) | - | 26.4 (4.1) | 25.7 (3.8) | 25.2 (3.1) | *†‡ |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 87.3 (11.1) | 85.2 (9.1) | 83.7 (7.1) | *†‡ | 95.2 (12.0) | 92.1 (10.3) | 89.7 (9.0) | *†‡ |
| P | P | |||||||
| Work-related physical activity, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.005 | ||||||
| Sedentary | 185 (38.1) | 254 (49.0) | 273 (48.1) | 208 (39.7) | 267 (50.7) | 258 (49.0) | ||
| Standing or walking at work | 72 (14.8) | 100 (19.3) | 117 (20.7) | 100 (19.1) | 92 (17.5) | 110 (20.9) | ||
| Light manual work | 114 (23.5) | 94 (18.1) | 102 (18.0) | 115 (21.9) | 93 (17.6) | 95 (18.1) | ||
| Heavy manual work | 73 (15.0) | 44 (8.5) | 59 (10.4) | 74 (14.1) | 57 (10.8) | 45 (8.6) | ||
| Not working or studying | 42 (8.6) | 26 (5.0) | 15 (2.7) | 27 (5.2) | 18 (3.4) | 18 (3.4) | ||
| Educational level, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Primary | 21 (4.0) | 19 (3.6) | 11 (2.1) | |||||
| Secondary | 303 (57.8) | 224 (42.5) | 245 (46.6) | |||||
| Tertiary | 200 (38.2) | 284 (53.9) | 270 (51.3) | |||||
| Children, [n (%)] | <0.001 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Yes | 74 (15.2) | 47 (9.0) | 38(6.7) | 315 (60.2) | 295 (56.0) | 272 (51.7) | ||
| No | 412 (84.8) | 474 (91.0) | 531 (93.3) | 208 (39.8) | 232 (44.0) | 254 (48.3) | ||
| Chronic diseases, n (%) | 0.39 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Yes | 62 (12.2) | 52 (10.1) | 64 (11.4) | 98 (18.7) | 73 (13.9) | 67 (12.8) | ||
| No | 421 (87.2) | 464 (89.9) | 497 (88.6) | 426 (81.3) | 453 (86.1) | 457 (87.2) | ||
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Current (daily) smoker | 219 (44.9) | 146 (28.0) | 95 (16.7) | 153 (29.1) | 86 (16.3) | 75 (14.3) | ||
| Occasional smoker | 64 (13.1) | 83 (15.9) | 102 (17.9) | 70 (13.3) | 74 (14.1) | 50 (9.5) | ||
| Quitters | 55 (11.3) | 82 (15.7) | 89 (15.6) | 121 (23.0) | 120 (22.8) | 115 (21.9) | ||
| Never smoked | 150 (30.7) | 210 (40.3) | 283 (49.7) | 181 (34.5) | 246 (46.8) | 286 (54.4) | ||
| Alcohol use, n (%) | 0.03 | 0.003 | ||||||
| Daily | 21 (4.3) | 10 (1.9) | 8 (1.4) | 44 (8.4) | 24 (4.6) | 17 (3.2) | ||
| 1–2 times/week | 281 (57.7) | 311 (59.8) | 319 (56.2) | 318 (60.7) | 316 (60.0) | 294 (55.9) | ||
| 1–2 times/month | 120 (24.6) | 123 (23.7) | 168 (29.5) | 95 (18.1) | 117 (22.2) | 126 (24.0) | ||
| Less than once a month | 42 (8.6) | 39 (7.5) | 42 (7.4) | 41 (7.8) | 41 (7.8) | 53 (10.1) | ||
| Never | 23 (4.7) | 37 (7.1) | 31 (5.4) | 26 (5.0) | 29 (5.5) | 36 (6.8) | ||
| Women (N=1805) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline |
Follow-up |
|||||||
| Inactive (n=562) | Moderately active (n=635) | Active (n=608) | P c | Inactive (n=591) | Moderately active (n=611) | Active (n=603) | P c | |
| LTPA MET hours per dayb | MET<2.5 | 2.5≤MET<5.5 | MET≥5.5 | MET<2.0 | 2.0≤MET<5.0 | MET≥5.0 | ||
|
|
|
|||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 24.3 (0.9) | 24.3 (0.9) | 24.3 (0.9) | - | 33.9 (1.3) | 33.9 (1.2) | 33.9 (1.2) | - |
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 61.8 (12.0) | 61.5 (10.0) | 59.9 (7.9) | †‡ | 67.4 (14.8) | 66.2 (13.2) | 63.9 (10.3) | †‡ |
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 165.4 (5.8) | 165.8 (5.4) | 166.6 (5.9) | †‡ | 165.6 (5.8) | 165.8 (5.8) | 166.4 (5.6) | † |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 22.5 (4.0) | 22.3 (3.3) | 21.6 (2.5) | †‡ | 24.6 (5.2) | 24.1 (4.6) | 23.0 (3.4) | †‡ |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 76.1 (10.2) | 74.9 (8.6) | 72.4 (7.0) | *†‡ | 83.0 (13.2) | 80.7 (11.1) | 77.9 (9.5) | *†‡ |
| P | P | |||||||
| Work-related physical activity, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Sedentary | 222 (39.6) | 294 (46.3) | 289 (47.5) | 238 (40.3) | 228 (37.3) | 261 (43.4) | ||
| Standing or walking at work | 83 (14.8) | 128 (20.2) | 131 (21.5) | 84 (14.2) | 143 (23.4) | 131 (21.8) | ||
| Light manual work | 114 (20.4) | 126 (19.9) | 127 (20.9) | 131 (22.2) | 143 (23.4) | 140 (23.3) | ||
| Heavy manual work | 23 (4.1) | 15 (2.4) | 18 (3.1) | 13 (2.2) | 7 (1.1) | 16 (2.7) | ||
| Not working or studying | 118 (21.1) | 71 (11.2) | 43 (7.1) | 124 (21.0) | 90 (14.7) | 54 (9.0) | ||
| Educational level, n (%) | 0.002 | |||||||
| Primary | 20 (3.4) | 5 (0.8) | 14 (2.3) | |||||
| Secondary | 242 (40.9) | 263 (43.0) | 213 (35.3) | |||||
| Tertiary | 329 (55.7) | 343 (56.1) | 376 (62.4) | |||||
| Children, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 121 (21.5) | 84 (13.2) | 41 (6.7) | 431 (72.9) | 372 (61.0) | 326 (54.1) | ||
| No | 441 (78.5) | 551 (86.8) | 567 (93.3) | 160 (27.1) | 238 (39.0) | 277 (45.9) | ||
| Chronic diseases, n (%) | 0.25 | 0.46 | ||||||
| Yes | 74 (13.3) | 69 (11.0) | 62 (10.2) | 104 (17.6) | 107 (17.5) | 92 (15.3) | ||
| No | 484 (86.7) | 557 (89.0) | 543 (89.8) | 486 (82.4) | 503 (82.5) | 511 (84.7) | ||
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.05 | ||||||
| Current (daily) smoker | 173 (30.8) | 144 (22.7) | 100 (16.4) | 109 (18.4) | 105 (17.2) | 70 (11.6) | ||
| Occasional smoker | 90 (16.0) | 78 (12.3) | 97 (16.0) | 52 (8.8) | 47 (7.7) | 59 (9.8) | ||
| Quitters | 80 (14.2) | 97 (15.3) | 69 (11.3) | 120 (20.3) | 126 (20.7) | 125 (20.7) | ||
| Never smoked | 219 (39.0) | 316 (49.8) | 342 (56.2) | 310 (52.5) | 332 (54.4) | 349 (57.9) | ||
| Alcohol use, n (%) | 0.92 | 0.007 | ||||||
| Daily | 3 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.5) | 14 (2.4) | 3 (0.5) | 2 (0.3) | ||
| 1–2 times/week | 238 (42.3) | 259 (40.7) | 254 (41.8) | 220 (37.2) | 259 (42.4) | 248 (41.1) | ||
| 1–2 times/month | 201 (35.8) | 242 (38.1) | 221 (36.4) | 175 (29.5) | 192 (31.4) | 178 (29.5) | ||
| Less than once a month | 91 (16.2) | 96 (15.1) | 101 (16.6) | 145 (24.5) | 116 (19.0) | 135 (22.4) | ||
| Never | 29 (5.2) | 37 (5.8) | 28 (4.6) | 38 (6.4) | 41 (6.7) | 40 (6.6) | ||
Abbreviations: LTPA, leisure-time physical activity; MET, metabolic equivalent; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index
a
Physical activity category by LTPA MET h/day: lowest tertile: inactive; middle tertile: moderately active; highest tertile: active
b
Leisure-time physical activity and physical activity during journeys to and from work
c
Continuous variables; significant differences (P<0.05) between activity groups are coded:
*
inactive vs. moderately active,
†
inactive vs. active,
‡
moderately active vs. active