Table 1. Basic characteristics of participants by metabolic syndrome.
| Characteristics | MetS (n = 1243) | Non-MetS (n = 6926) | Total (n = 8169) |
| Age (years)a | 51.4 ± 13.5 | 49.9 ± 15.5 | 50.1 ± 15.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 27.2 ± 2.5 | 22.5 ± 2.8 | 23.3 ± 3.2 |
| Daily caloric intake (kcal) | 2117.3 ± 642.2 | 2109.7 ± 642.0 | 2110.9 ± 642.0 |
| Smoke status | |||
| Nonsmoker | 510 (41.0) | 2760 (39.8) | 3270 (40.0) |
| Ex-smoker | 165 (13.3) | 510 (11.5) | 961 (11.8) |
| Current smoker | 568 (45.7) | 3370 (48.7) | 3938 (48.2) |
| Drink statusb | |||
| Nondrinker | 540 (43.4) | 3256 (47.0) | 3797 (46.5) |
| Ex-drinker | 123 (9.9) | 453 (6.6) | 576 (7.0) |
| Current drinker | 580 (46.7) | 3217 (46.4) | 3796 (46.5) |
| Smoking and alcohol intakeb | |||
| Neither | 294 (23.7) | 1799 (26.0) | 2093 (25.6) |
| Only smoking | 195 (15.7) | 1202 (17.4) | 1397 (17.1) |
| Only alcohol intake | 184 (14.8) | 875 (12.6) | 1059 (13.0) |
| Both | 325 (26.1) | 2012 (29.0) | 2337 (28.6) |
| Physical activityb | |||
| Sedentary | 994 (80.0) | 6095 (88.0) | 7089 (86.8) |
| Occasional exercisers | 187 (15.0) | 567 (8.2) | 754 (9.2) |
| Conditioning exercisers | 62 (5.0) | 264 (3.8) | 326 (4.0) |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1243 (100.0) | — | 1243 (15.2) |
| High waist circumference | 1243 (100.0) | 607 (8.8) | 1850 (22.6) |
| High triglycerides | 785 (63.2) | 1384 (20.0) | 2169 (26.6) |
| Low HDL-C | 896 (72.1) | 2704 (39.0) | 3600 (44.1) |
| Hypertension | 997 (80.2) | 2781 (40.2) | 3778 (46.2) |
| High fasting plasma glucose | 545 (32.7) | 1124 (16.2) | 1669 (20.4) |
BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome.
Age and BMI are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation; other data are expressed as n (%).
aP < 0.001 comparing with Non-MetS by unpaired Student’s t-test.
bPearson P < 0.05 by χ2-test.