Table 3. Analysis of potentially associated factors with ‘annoying tinnitus’ in participants over 40 years old (n = 1112).
| Variables | %a | Annoying tinnitus |
Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysisc | ||||
| P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | |||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Age, years (mean)b | 60.10 | <0.0001 | 1.04 | 1.02–1.05 | 0.0007 | 1.03 | 1.01–1.04 | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male (%) | 491 (48.09) | 34.44 | Referent | |||||
| Female (%) | 621 (51.91) | 35.12 | 0.83 | 1.03 | 0.78–1.36 | |||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| No (%) | 13 (1.30) | 45.46 | 0.50 | 1.57 | 0.43–5.77 | |||
| Yes (%) | 1099 (98.70) | 34.65 | Referent | |||||
| Income | ||||||||
| Lower (%) | 263 (24.93) | 36.42 | Referent | |||||
| Lower middle (%) | 301 (28.33) | 35.37 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.61–1.50 | |||
| Upper middle (%) | 273 (25.29) | 35.41 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.58–1.57 | |||
| Upper (%) | 275 (21.45) | 31.42 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.49–1.30 | |||
| Otolaryngologic conditions (Physical examination and questionnaire) | ||||||||
| Falling attack | ||||||||
| No (%) | 1074 (96.34) | 34.67 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 38 (3.66) | 38.02 | 0.72 | 1.16 | 0.52–2.56 | |||
| History of dizziness | ||||||||
| No (%) | 764 (69.56) | 33.48 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 348 (30.44) | 37.80 | 0.29 | 1.21 | 0.85–1.71 | |||
| Vertigo, subjective positional | ||||||||
| No (%) | 1066 (96.60) | 34.27 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 46 (3.40) | 49.52 | 0.11 | 1.88 | 0.87–4.06 | |||
| Vestibular dysfunction | ||||||||
| No (%) | 1064 (95.99) | 34.08 | Referent | Referent | ||||
| Yes (%) | 48 (4.01) | 51.84 | 0.02 | 2.08 | 1.10–3.93 | 0.56 | 1.27 | 0.57–2.83 |
| Cholesteatoma | ||||||||
| No (%) | 1080 (97.31) | 34.87 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 32 (2.69) | 32.14 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.36–2.19 | |||
| Hearing loss | ||||||||
| No (%) | 768 (73.19) | 30.25 | Referent | Referent | ||||
| Yes (%) | 344 (26.80) | 47.18 | <0.001 | 2.06 | 1.52–2.80 | 0.01 | 1.55 | 1.09–2.21 |
| Otitis media with effusion | ||||||||
| No (%) | 1100 (99.21) | 34.65 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 12 (0.79) | 53.26 | 0.29 | 2.15 | 0.52–8.86 | |||
| Rhinitis | ||||||||
| No (%) | 836 (73.85) | 34.52 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 276 (26.15) | 35.56 | 0.80 | 1.05 | 0.73–1.51 | |||
| Rhinosinusitis | ||||||||
| No (%) | 1037 (92.86) | 34.36 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 75 (7.14) | 40.45 | 0.38 | 1.30 | 0.73–2.31 | |||
| TM perforation | ||||||||
| No (%) | 1056 (94.50) | 34.07 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 56 (5.50) | 47.19 | 0.08 | 1.73 | 0.94–3.17 | |||
| Data obtained from the questionnaire | ||||||||
| Alcohol drinking | ||||||||
| No (%) | 390 (30.62) | 38.53 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 722 (69.38) | 33.15 | 0.11 | 0.79 | 0.59–1.05 | |||
| Depressive mood | ||||||||
| No (%) | 1034 (93.67) | 34.34 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 78 (6.33) | 41.52 | 0.25 | 1.36 | 0.80–2.29 | |||
| History of anxiety | ||||||||
| No (%) | 1091 (98.42) | 34.9 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 21 (1.58) | 30.91 | 0.75 | 0.84 | 0.28–2.49 | |||
| History of cardiac disease | ||||||||
| No (%) | 1103 (99.48) | 34.54 | Referent | Referent | ||||
| Yes (%) | 9 (0.52) | 83.08 | 0.008 | 9.28 | 1.79–48.13 | 0.04 | 5.51 | 1.04–29.20 |
| History of stroke | ||||||||
| No (%) | 1079 (97.56) | 34.51 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 33 (2.44) | 46.04 | 0.28 | 1.62 | 0.68–3.88 | |||
| Smoking, current | ||||||||
| No (%) | 919 (77.59) | 35.19 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 193 (22.41) | 33.43 | 0.69 | 0.93 | 0.63–1.36 | |||
| Smoking, past | ||||||||
| No (%) | 661 (55.46) | 34.28 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 451 (44.54) | 35.44 | 0.74 | 1.05 | 0.78–1.43 | |||
| Stress | ||||||||
| No (%) | 772 (69.54) | 31.95 | Referent | Referent | ||||
| Yes (%) | 340 (30.46) | 41.29 | 0.02 | 1.50 | 1.07–2.09 | <0.01 | 1.64 | 1.14–2.36 |
| Visual disturbance | ||||||||
| No (%) | 1100 (99.21) | 34.71 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 12 (0.79) | 44.76 | 0.51 | 1.52 | 0.43–5.40 | |||
| Quality of life score (mean)b | 68.16 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 | ||||
| Laboratory data | ||||||||
| Anemia | ||||||||
| No (%) | 997 (90.73) | 34.85 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 115 (9.27) | 34.20 | 0.90 | 0.97 | 0.62–1.53 | |||
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No (%) | 954 (86.10) | 33.43 | Referent | Referent | ||||
| Yes (%) | 158 (13.90) | 43.22 | 0.03 | 1.52 | 1.03–2.24 | 0.26 | 1.25 | 0.85–1.84 |
| Hepatitis B | ||||||||
| No (%) | 1077 (96.91) | 35.01 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 35 (3.09) | 27.91 | 0.44 | 0.72 | 0.31–1.65 | |||
| Hypercholesterolemia | ||||||||
| No (%) | 924 (82.65) | 33.58 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 188 (17.35) | 40.57 | 0.16 | 1.35 | 0.89–2.05 | |||
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No (%) | 660 (62.02) | 32.58 | Referent | |||||
| Yes (%) | 452 (37.98) | 38.41 | 0.07 | 1.29 | 0.98–1.70 | |||
| Obesity | ||||||||
| No (%) | 719 (64.68) | 37.11 | Referent | Referent | ||||
| Yes (%) | 393 (35.32) | 30.56 | 0.05 | 0.75 | 0.56–1.00 | 0.06 | 0.75 | 0.56–1.01 |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; TM, tympanic membrane.
aPercent of Korean population aged ≥40 years.
bContinuous variables were denoted by mean. In the non-annoying tinnitus group, the mean age was 55.70, and the mean of quality of life score was 71.06.
cVariables with P-value ≤0.05 in univariable analysis were selected.
Univariable and multivariable analyses were done using the logistic regression model.