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. 2014 Aug 5;4(8):e422. doi: 10.1038/tp.2014.67

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Copyright © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

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Future directions for exploring the role of estradiol in fear extinction and psychopathology. An apparent correlation between fluctuating estradiol states and vulnerability for fear and anxiety disorders necessitates further research into where, how and when estradiol modulates the fear extinction network. Investigating these questions may provide new options for targeted, and thus more effective, treatment and therapy in the clinic. BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase.