Table 4. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the estimated dietary intake of acrylamide (energy-adjusted using the residual method) and type-I endometrial cancer risk in EPIC.
Energy-adjusted acrylamide intake (μg per day) |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Quintiles |
|
||||||
10 μg increments | Q1 (⩽14.5) | Q2 (14.6–19.5) | Q3 (19.6–24.2) | Q4 (24.3–32.0) | Q5 (32.1–222.4) | Trend test P-value | LRTP-valuea | |
Final model – Type I | ||||||||
N cases | 627 | 105 | 111 | 125 | 122 | 164 | ||
HR (95% CI)b |
0.98 (0.90–1.07) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.00 (0.74–1.35) |
1.04 (0.77–1.42) |
0.87 (0.63–1.21) |
0.97 (0.69–1.36) |
0.79 |
|
Cases diagnosed ⩾2 years after recruitment | ||||||||
N cases | 556 | 98 | 93 | 117 | 107 | 141 | ||
HR (95% CI)b |
0.96 (0.87–1.06) |
1.00 (ref) |
0.89 (0.65–1.23) |
1.04 (0.76–1.43) |
0.84 (0.60–1.19) |
0.93 (0.65–1.32) |
0.75 |
|
Type I – stratified analyses | ||||||||
Smoking status | ||||||||
Never smokers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N cases | 350 | 56 | 54 | 67 | 69 | 104 | ||
HR (95% CI)c |
1.06 (0.95–1.19) |
1.00 (ref) |
0.97 (0.63–1.48) |
1.14 (0.74–1.74) |
0.97 (0.62–1.51) |
1.25 (0.79–1.98) |
0.21 |
|
Ever smokersd |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
N cases | 257 | 44 | 51 | 55 | 50 | 57 | ||
HR (95% CI)c |
0.90 (0.78–1.03) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.02 (0.64–1.63) |
1.00 (0.62–1.62) |
0.80 (0.48–1.34) |
0.70 (0.41–1.19) |
0.09 |
|
OC use | ||||||||
Non-OC users |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N cases | 347 | 65 | 56 | 65 | 58 | 103 | ||
HR (95% CI)e |
1.10 (0.99–1.23) |
1.00 (ref) |
0.96 (0.64–1.45) |
1.09 (0.71–1.67) |
0.90 (0.57–1.42) |
1.40 (0.89–2.22) |
0.06 |
|
OC users |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
N cases | 273 | 39 | 54 | 59 | 63 | 58 | ||
HR (95% CI)e |
0.83 (0.71–0.95) |
1.00 (ref) |
0.97 (0.62–1.51) |
0.93 (0.59–1.47) |
0.79 (0.49–1.28) |
0.57 (0.34–0.96) |
0.01 |
|
Smoking status combined with OC use | ||||||||
Never smokers and non-OC users |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N cases | 203 | 35 | 29 | 36 | 35 | 68 | ||
HR (95% CI)f |
1.17 (1.02–1.34) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.03 (0.58–1.81) |
1.28 (0.72–2.27) |
1.12 (0.61–2.06) |
1.97 (1.08–3.62) |
0.01 |
|
Ever smokersd and non-OC users |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N cases | 134 | 26 | 25 | 27 | 21 | 35 | ||
HR (95% CI)f |
1.04 (0.86–1.26) |
1.00 (ref) |
0.99 (0.51–1.91) |
0.99 (0.50–1.98) |
0.76 (0.36–1.62) |
1.01 (0.47–2.19) |
0.98 |
|
Never smokers and OC users |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
N cases | 145 | 20 | 25 | 31 | 33 | 36 | ||
HR (95% CI)f |
0.89 (0.73–1.09) |
1.00 (ref) |
0.76 (0.40–1.45) |
0.83 (0.44–1.59) |
0.68 (0.35–1.35) |
0.59 (0.29–1.21) |
0.17 |
|
Ever smokersd and OC users |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N cases | 120 | 18 | 25 | 27 | 29 | 21 | ||
HR (95% CI)f |
0.75 (0.60–0.94) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.02 (0.52–1.99) |
1.00 (0.50–1.98) |
0.84 (0.41–1.72) |
0.45 (0.20–1.00) |
0.02 |
|
Alcohol intake | ||||||||
Never drinkers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N cases | 103 | 28 | 19 | 13 | 17 | 26 | ||
HR (95% CI)b |
1.23 (1.02–1.47) |
1.00 (ref) |
0.76 (0.40–1.44) |
0.61 (0.29–1.28) |
0.93 (0.46–1.89) |
1.77 (0.86–3.64) |
0.07 |
|
Ever drinkers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
N cases | 524 | 77 | 92 | 112 | 105 | 138 | ||
HR (95% CI)b |
0.93 (0.85–1.03) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.09 (0.77–1.54) |
1.19 (0.83–1.69) |
0.90 (0.61–1.31) |
0.91 (0.62–1.35) |
0.30 |
|
Body mass index | ||||||||
<25 kg m−2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N cases | 256 | 43 | 48 | 62 | 53 | 50 | ||
HR (95% CI)g |
0.86 (0.74–1.00) |
1.00 (ref) |
0.88 (0.56–1.38) |
1.11 (0.71–1.73) |
0.78 (0.48–1.27) |
0.56 (0.33–0.96) |
0.02 |
|
⩾25 kg m−2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.28 |
N cases | 371 | 62 | 63 | 63 | 69 | 114 | ||
HR (95% CI)g |
1.06 (0.95–1.18) |
1.00 (ref) |
1.12 (0.75–1.69) |
0.99 (0.64–1.52) |
0.92 (0.59–1.44) |
1.34 (0.85–2.10) |
0.12 |
|
Menopausal status | ||||||||
Premenopausal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N cases | 120 | 28 | 25 | 26 | 24 | 17 | ||
HR (95% CI)h |
0.78 (0.62–0.99) |
1.00 (ref) |
0.89 (0.48–1.64) |
0.91 (0.49–1.71) |
0.78 (0.40–1.53) |
0.52 (0.24–1.13) |
0.09 |
|
Perimenopausal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
N cases | 120 | 24 | 25 | 32 | 20 | 19 | ||
HR (95% CI)h |
0.88 (0.70–1.12) |
1.00 (ref) |
0.77 (0.41–1.43) |
0.91 (0.49–1.68) |
0.67 (0.33–1.36) |
0.59 (0.26–1.31) |
0.22 |
|
Postmenopausali |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N cases | 387 | 53 | 61 | 67 | 78 | 128 | ||
HR (95% CI)h | 1.07 (0.96–1.18) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.24 (0.81–1.89) | 1.25 (0.81–1.95) | 1.09 (0.69–1.72) | 1.39 (0.88–2.20) | 0.17 |
Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index; CI=confidence interval; EPIC=European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; HR=hazards ratio; HRT=hormonal replacement therapy; LRT=likelihood ratio test; OCs=oral contraceptives.
All LRT P-values for effect measure modification are based on the continuous acrylamide intake variable (per 10 μg per day).
Stratified by age at recruitment and centre. Adjusted for total energy intake (per 1000 kcal per day), BMI, smoking status, prevalent diabetes, OC use, HRT use, menopause status combined with age at menopause, parity, and age at menarche.
Stratified by age at recruitment and centre. Adjusted for total energy intake (per 1000 kcal per day), BMI, prevalent diabetes, OC use, HRT use, menopause status combined with age at menopause, parity, and age at menarche.
Ever smokers: former and current smokers.
Stratified by age at recruitment and centre. Adjusted for total energy intake (per 1000 kcal per day), BMI, smoking status, prevalent diabetes, HRT use, menopause status combined with age at menopause, parity, and age at menarche.
Stratified by age at recruitment and centre. Adjusted for total energy intake (per 1000 kcal per day), BMI, prevalent diabetes, HRT use, menopause status combined with age at menopause, parity, and age at menarche.
Stratified by age at recruitment and centre. Adjusted for total energy intake (per 1000 kcal per day), smoking status, prevalent diabetes, OC use, HRT use, menopause status combined with age at menopause, parity, and age at menarche.
Stratified by age at recruitment and centre. Adjusted for total energy intake (per 1000 kcal per day), BMI, smoking status, prevalent diabetes, OC use, HRT use, parity, and age at menarche.
Includes surgical menopause.