Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for the Study Variables: Men (n = 2,296) and Women (n = 2,784), Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, 1993–2004
| Variable | 1993 | 2004 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| Psychological Outcomes: | ||||
| Depressive symptoms | 14.80*** (13.54) | 17.10 (16.16) | 11.95*** (12.58) | 14.40 (14.54) |
| Depressive symptoms (ln) | 1.94*** (1.95) | 2.20 (1.72) | 1.34*** (2.46) | 1.73 (2.19) |
| Purpose in life | 4.87** (.80) | 4.93 (.89) | 4.76*** (.80) | 4.87 (.87) |
| Environmental mastery | 4.90** (.82) | 4.96 (.87) | 4.98** (.75) | 5.04 (.78) |
| Depressive episode prior to the transition to parenthood | .01*** | .04 | ||
| Focal Aspects of the Parental Role: | ||||
| At least one coresidential child 23 or older | .20 | .21 | .06** | .09 |
| At least one stepchild | .07 | .06 | .10** | .08 |
| At least one deceased child | .04*** | .08 | .07*** | .10 |
| Child’s age at death | 12.81 (10.45) | 12.00 (10.52) | 18.91** (14.13) | 16.18 (14.51) |
| Other Aspects of the Parental Role: | ||||
| Quality of parent-child relationships | 3.73*** (.47) | 3.82 (.38) | 3.75*** (.48) | 3.81 (.39) |
| Number of living children | 2.78*** (1.52) | 2.95 (1.68) | 2.84*** (1.59) | 2.99 (1.71) |
| At least one child with developmental disability or mental illness | .013 | .015 | .047 | .048 |
| Marital Status and History: | ||||
| Currently married, married only once | .72 | .70 | .68*** | .62 |
| Currently married, married more than once | .16*** | .12 | .18*** | .12 |
| Divorced/separated, married only once | .06*** | .09 | .05*** | .09 |
| Divorced/separated, married more than once | .01* | .02 | .02* | .03 |
| Widowed, married only once | .004*** | .02 | .02*** | .09 |
| Widowed, married more than once | .002*** | .009 | .006*** | .02 |
| Age | 53.26*** (.64) | 53.12 (.59) | 64.37*** (.71) | 64.24 (.65) |
| Socioeconomic Status: | ||||
| 12 years of education | .49*** | .60 | .49*** | .60 |
| 13–15 years of education | .16 | .16 | .16 | .16 |
| 16 years of education | .15 | .14 | .15 | .14 |
| 17 or more years of education | .20*** | .10 | .20*** | .10 |
| Net worth (US$) | 316,057*** (415,775) | 241,023 (354,226) | 648,477*** (583,754) | 439,201 (471,924) |
| Net worth (ln) | 11.72*** (2.69) | 10.98 (3.69) | 12.40*** (3.22) | 11.48 (4.22) |
| Currently employed | .94*** | .79 | .48*** | .39 |
| Physical Health: | ||||
| Number of chronic diagnosed illnesses | .85*** (1.05) | 1.05 (1.22) | 2.09*** (1.68) | 2.30 (1.77) |
Note. Asterisks denote significant difference between male and female samples:
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.