Table 2.
Random-Effects Models Predicting Depressive Symptoms and Psychological Well-Being: Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, 1993–2004 (N = 5,080)
| Variables | Depressive Symptoms | Purpose in Life | Environmental Mastery |
|---|---|---|---|
| Focal Aspects of the Parental Role: | |||
| At least one coresidential child 23 or older | .077 (.056) | −.031 (.022) | −.047* (.021) |
| At least one stepchild | −.065 (.099) | −.032 (.040) | .015 (.039) |
| At least one child deceased | .189* (.084) | −.077* (.033) | −.031 (.032) |
| Other Aspects of the Parental Role: | |||
| Quality of parent-child relationships | −.179*** (.049) | .090*** (.018) | .087*** (.018) |
| Number of living children | −.025 (.018) | .008 (.009) | .003 (.007) |
| At least one child with developmental disability or mental illness | .177 (.103) | ||
| Gender (Female = 1) | .278*** (.052) | .145*** (.021) | .094*** (.021) |
| At least one child deceased × Gender | −.342* (.170) | .199** (.067) | ––– |
| At least one coresidential adult child × Gender | ––– | −.095* (.040) | −.092* (.041) |
| Constant | 5.342 | 4.917 | 4.435 |
| σu | 1.197 | .592 | .566 |
| σe | 1.658 | .565 | .550 |
| Fraction of variance due to ui | .343 | .524 | .514 |
| Number of observations | 10,160 | 10,160 | 10,160 |
| Number of respondents | 5,080 | 5,080 | 5,080 |
Note. All models adjust for parents’ age, depression prior to the transition to parenthood, martial status and marital history, education, net worth, employment status, and the number of chronic diagnosed illnesses.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.