Table 3.
Random-Effects Models Predicting Depressive Symptoms and Psychological Well-Being Separately by Gender: Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, 1993–2004 (N = 5,080)
| Variables | Depressive Symptoms | Purpose in Life | Environmental Mastery | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| At least one coresidential child 23 or older | .044 (.093) | .107 (.070) | −.005 (.031) | −.065* (.030) | .002 (.030) | −.084** (.030) |
| At least one child deceased | .427** (.144) | .045 (.099) | −.196*** (.052) | −.002 (.046) | −.074 (.050) | .012 (.044) |
| Constant | 5.924 | 5.189 | 5.015 | 4.816 | 4.152 | 4.675 |
| σu | 1.224 | 1.169 | .552 | .620 | .551 | .576 |
| σe | 1.823 | 1.507 | .546 | .579 | .534 | .563 |
| Fraction of variance due to ui | .311 | .375 | .506 | .534 | .516 | .511 |
| Number of observations | 4,592 | 5,568 | 4,592 | 5,568 | 4,592 | 5,568 |
| Number of respondents | 2,296 | 2,784 | 2,296 | 2,784 | 2,296 | 2,784 |
Note. All models adjust for other structural aspects of the parental role, the quality of parent-child relationships, parents’ age, depression prior to the transition to parenthood, martial status and marital history, education, net worth, employment status, and the number of chronic diagnosed illnesses.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.