Table 1.

Demographic and Health Characteristics of Children with Complex Chronic Conditions at End of Life by Age Group

Characteristics	All children (n=1423)	<1 year (n=133)	1–5 years (n=463)	6–14 years (n=412)	15–20 years (n=415)	P value
Demographic characteristics
Gender
Male (%)	52.42	53.38	48.81	52.43	56.14	0.189
Female (%)	47.58	46.62	51.19	47.57	43.86
Race/ethnicity
White non-Hispanic (%)	16.58	9.77	9.29	17.72	25.78	0.001
Black non-Hispanic (%)	7.94	10.53	6.26	7.52	9.40
Hispanic (%)	38.16	42.11	31.32	35.92	46.75
Other (%)	37.32	37.59	53.13	38.84	18.07
Medicaid eligibility
Disabled (%)	67.53	36.09	64.79	81.07	67.23	0.001
Nondisabled (%)	32.47	63.91	35.21	18.93	32.77
Private insurance (%)	11.31	3.01	7.78	15.78	13.49	0.001
Residence
Urban (%)	98.59	98.50	98.27	98.79	98.80	0.899
Rural (%)	1.41	1.50	1.73	1.21	1.20
Health characteristics
Complex chronic conditions (CCCs)
Neuromuscular (%)	53.83	29.32	54.64	62.38	52.29	0.001
Cardiovascular (%)	46.38	75.19	59.61	28.88	39.76	0.001
Cancer (%)	29.87	7.52	23.97	37.14	36.39	0.001
Congenital (%)	22.84	29.32	34.34	18.93	11.81	0.001
Respiratory (%)	12.30	24.06	22.25	7.28	2.41	0.001
Gastrointestinal (%)	12.02	10.53	16.63	8.98	10.36	0.003
Metabolic (%)	10.40	7.52	12.10	8.74	11.08	0.257
Hematologic (%)	8.85	4.51	11.45	7.52	8.67	0.048
Renal (%)	4.08	4.51	9.50	1.00	1.20	0.001
Number of CCCs
One CCC (%)	44.06	44.36	30.67	49.27	53.73	0.001
Two CCCs (%)	28.25	33.08	26.78	29.61	26.99
Three CCCs (%)	15.95	12.03	20.52	14.56	13.49
Four or more CCCs (%)	11.74	10.53	22.03	6. 55	5.78
Avg. Charlson Comorbidity Index	2.19	0.72	2.08	2.48	2.51	0.001