Table 2.
Analysis of factors associated with major complications following liver resection in 504 patients.
| N = 504 | No complication (n = 410) | Major complication (n = 94) | Univariate | Multivariate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | |||
| Median age (range) | 64 (21–90) | 67 (32–88) | 0.015∗ | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.004∗∗ |
| Gender (%) | |||||
| Male | 211 (51.5) | 67 (71.3) | 0.001∗ | 2.36 (1.34–4.17) | 0.028∗∗ |
| Female | 199 (48.5) | 27 (28.7) | |||
| Pathology (%) | |||||
| Benign | 34 (8.3) | 6 (6.4) | |||
| Primary | 83 (20.2) | 23 (24.5) | 0.622 | ||
| Secondary | 293 (71.5) | 65 (69.1) | 0.308 | ||
| Liver-directed chemotherapy (%) | 130 (31.7) | 33 (35.1) | 0.608 | ||
| Preexisting chronic liver disease (%) | 10 (2.4) | 1 (1.1) | 0.666 | ||
| Preoperative jaundice (≥50 micromoles/L) (%) | 6 (1.5) | 3 (3.2) | 0.266 | ||
| Hypoalbuminaemia (<35 g/L) (%) | 9 (2.2) | 8 (8.5) | 0.004∗ | 2.97 (1.01–8.74) | 0.047∗∗ |
| Raised preoperative alkaline phosphatase (%) | 95 (23.2) | 24 (25.5) | 0.721 | ||
| Raised preoperative transaminase (%) | 74 (18.0) | 21 (22.3) | 0.320 | ||
| Preoperative glomerular filtration rate (%) | |||||
| ≤90 mL/min | 274 (66.8) | 63 (67.0) | 0.892 | ||
| Median preoperative haemoglobin (g/dL) (range) | 13 (9–17) | 13 (9–16) | 0.025∗ | 0.439 | |
| Median preoperative white cell count (/L) (range) | 7 (3–17) | 7 (3–25) | 0.422 | ||
| Diabetic status (%) | |||||
| Nondiabetic | 370 (90.2) | 78 (83.0) | 0.014∗ | 0.912 | |
| Non-insulin dependent (versus nondiabetic) | 32 (7.8) | 9 (9.6) | |||
| Insulin dependent diabetes (versus non-insulin dependent and nondiabetics) | 8 (2.0) | 7 (7.4) | 3.86 (1.17–12.75) | 0.028∗∗ | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) (%) | |||||
| <25 | 139 (33.9) | 28 (29.8) | 0.697 | ||
| 25–30 | 167 (40.7) | 42 (44.7) | |||
| >30 | 99 (24.1) | 24 (25.5) | |||
| American Association of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade (%) | |||||
| 1 versus 2 | 0.198∗ | ||||
| 1 | 46 (11.2) | 6 (6.4) | 0.611 | ||
| 2 | 266 (64.9) | 58 (61.7) | |||
| 2 versus 3 and 4 | |||||
| 3 | 95 (23.2) | 30 (31.9) | 0.783 | ||
| 4 | 2 (0.5) | 0 | |||
| Median P-POSSUM physiologic score (range) | 16 (12–32) | 18 (12–30) | 0.003∗ | 0.764 | |
| Operative approach (%) | |||||
| Laparoscopic | 46 (11.2) | 4 (4.3) | 0.065∗ | 0.812 | |
| Open | 364 (88.8) | 90 (95.7) | |||
| Radiofrequency ablation included (%) | 18 (4.4) | 5 (5.3) | 0.698 | ||
| Wedge resection included (%) | 181 (44.1) | 22 (23.4) | <0.001∗ | 0.353 | |
| Bile-duct reconstruction (%) | 34 (8.3) | 12 (12.8) | 0.246∗ | 0.585 | |
| Synchronous bowel procedure (%) | 13 (3.2) | 10 (10.6) | 0.003∗ | 5.99 (2.25–15.96) | <0.001∗∗ |
| Median number of segments resected (range) | 3 (1–6) | 4 (1–6) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.26–1.80) | <0.001∗∗ |
| Repeat operation (%) | 31 (7.6) | 6 (6.4) | 0.861 | ||
| Intraoperative blood loss (%) | |||||
| <500 mL | 218 (53.2) | 29 (30.9) | <0.001 | 0.463 | |
| ≥500 mL | 188 (45.9) | 65 (69.1) | |||
| Blood transfusion required (%) | 65 (15.9) | 41 (43.6) | <0.001 | 2.48 (1.44–4.30) | 0.001∗∗ |
| Steatosis (%) | |||||
| <33% | 308 (75.1) | 70 (74.5) | 1.000 | ||
| ≥33% | 50 (12.2) | 11 (11.7) | |||
∗Significant at the level of 0.25 for univariate analysis and included in multivariate analysis.
∗∗Significant at the level of 0.05 for multivariate analysis.