Table 1.
General characteristics of the overall population and by diabetic status.
| Variable | No diabetes | Diabetes | P-value | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 598 | 222 | 820 | |
| Gender, male n (%) | 130 (21.7) | 48 (21.6) | 0.9474 | 178 (21.7) |
| Mean age, year (SD) | 51.0 (15.1) | 58.9 (13.4) | <0.0001 | 53.2 (15.1) |
| Mean systolic blood pressure, mmHg (SD) | 122 (19) | 130 (23) | <0.0001 | 124 (21) |
| Mean diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (SD) | 75 (12) | 77 (14) | 0.0506 | 76 (13) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 314 (52.5) | 133 (59.9) | 0.05859 | 447 (54.5) |
| Mean body mass index, kg/m2 (SD) | 29.2 (7.0) | 31.8 (7.1) | <0.0001 | 29.9 (7.1) |
| Mean waist circumference, cm (SD) | 95 (15) | 102 (14) | <0.0001 | 97 (15) |
| Mean hip circumference, cm (SD) | 109 (14) | 112 (15) | 0.014 | 109 (14) |
| Mean waist/hip ratio, (SD) | 0.87 (0.10) | 0.91 (0.10) | <0.0001 | 0.88 (0.09) |
| Mean HbA1c, % (SD) | 5.7 (0.4) | 7.8 (2.1) | <0.0001 | 6.3 (1.4) |
| Mean fasting blood glucose, mmol/L (SD) | 5.1 (0.7) | 9.8 (4.5) | <0.0001 | 6.4 (3.2) |
| Mean 2 h glucose, mmol/L (SD) | 6.4 (1.6) | 13.4 (5.3) | <0.0001 | 7.5 (3.6) |
| Mean eGFR, mL/min (SD) | 76.2 (21.2) | 72.0 (25.2) | 0.029 | 75.0 (22.4) |
| Mean triglycerides, mmol/L (SD) | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.7 (0.9) | <0.0001 | 1.5 (0.9) |
| Mean HDL cholesterol, mmol/L (SD) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.3) | 0.0002 | 1.3 (0.4) |
| Mean LDL cholesterol, mmol/L (SD) | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.7 (1.1) | 0.179 | 3.6 (1.0) |
| Mean total cholesterol, mmol/L (SD) | 5.5 (1.2) | 5.7 (1.3) | 0.068 | 5.6 (1.2) |
| Median GGT (25th–75th percentiles) | 26 [17–39] | 32 [23–49] | <0.0001 | 27 [19–42] |
| Median CRP (25th–75th percentiles) | 3.3 [0.9–8.3] | 5.4 [2.2–10.9] | <0.0001 | 4.0 [1.2–9.4] |
| Median insulin mmol/L (25th–75th percentiles) | 7.2 [3.4–12.9] | 10.2 [4.4–17.6] | 0.0001 | 7.7 [3.5–14.1] |
| Median 2 h insulin mmol/L (25th–75th percentiles) | 36.0 [19.3–65.7] | 53.3 [22.1–117.0] | 0.0015 | 37.3 [19.5–72.7] |
| Median glucose/insulin (25th–75th percentiles) | 0.71 [0.40–1.45] | 0.82 [0.48–2.05] | 0.0304 | 0.72 [0.41–1.58] |
| Median HOMA-IR (25th–75th percentiles) | 1.63 [0.69–3.00] | 3.67 [1.71–7.29] | <0.0001 | 1.94 [0.86–3.82] |
| Median HOMA-B% (25th–75th percentiles) | 92.8 [43.5–165.1] | 42.1 [13.6–83.4] | <0.0001 | 74.2 [32.2–149.2] |
| Median QUICKI (25th–75th percentiles) | 0.15 [0.14–0.18] | 0.14 [0.12–0.15] | <0.0001 | 0.15 [0.14–0.17] |
| Median FIRI (25th–75th percentiles) | 1.46 [0.62–2.70] | 3.31 [1.54–6.56] | <0.0001 | 1.74 [0.77–3.44] |
| Median 1/HOMA-IR (25th–75th percentiles) | 0.61 [0.33–1.44] | 0.27 [0.14–0.58] | <0.0001 | 0.52 [0.26–1.16] |
CRP: C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FIRI: fasting insulin-resistance index; GGT: γ-glutamyltransferase; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; HDL: high density lipoproteins; HOMA-B%: functional β-cells; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL: low density lipoproteins; QUICKI: the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index; SD: standard deviation.