Table 1.
Characteristics of participants (N = 35).
| Age (years) | 57.10 ± 12.14 |
| Duration (years) | 1.84 ± 1.86 |
| Height (cm) | 163.60 ± 10.69 |
| Weight (kg) | 68.93 ± 16.26 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.60 ± 4.21 |
| Sex | |
| Male | 24 (68.6%) |
| Female | 11 (31.4%) |
| Affected side | |
| Left | 19 (54.3%) |
| Right | 16 (45.7%) |
| Stroke type | |
| Infarctic | 17 (48.6%) |
| Hemorrhagic | 18 (51.4%) |
| Lesion location | |
| Main trunk | 8 (22.9%) |
| Basal ganglion | 12 (34.3%) |
| Brain stem | 2 (5.7%) |
| Cortex | 6 (17.1%) |
| Others | 7 (20.0%) |
| Aid device | |
| Need | 5 (14.3%) |
| No need | 30 (85.7%) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Hypertension | 28 (80.0%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 16 (45.7%) |
| Diabetes | 10 (28.6%) |
| Heart disease | 7 (10.0%) |
| Renal disease | 3 (8.7%) |
| Medication | |
| β-blocker | 5 (14.3%) |
| Non-β-blocker | 30 (85.7%) |
| Personal history | |
| Regular exercise habit | 17 (48.6%) |
| Smoking | 2 (5.7%) |
| Brunnstrom stage | upper lower |
| II | 0 5 |
| III | 7 14 |
| IV | 24 10 |
| V | 4 6 |
| ADL (N = 22) | |
| FIM | 87.64 ± 14.14 |
| FIM-motor | 55.95 ± 12.15 |
| FIM-cognition | 31.68 ± 5.09 |
| Spasticity | |
| Ashworth scale (low limb) | 0.71 ± 0.75 |
ADL: activity of daily living, FIM: functional independent measurement FIM_motor: motor component of FIM, FIM_cognition: cognition component of FIM.