Table 1.
Characteristics of the ADDITION-Europe trial cohort with complete data for the UK Prospective Diabetes Study Risk Engine (version 3β) at baseline and follow-up (mean 5.7 years)
| Routine care (n = 937) | Intensive treatment (n = 1164) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self reported | Baseline | Follow-up | Mean change from baseline to follow-up (sd) | Baseline | Follow-up | Mean change from baseline to follow-up (sd) | Intervention effect† β/odds ratio (95% CI) |
| Female sex | 42% | — | — | 41% | — | — | — |
| Mean (sd) age in years at diagnosis | 59.9 (6.7) | — | — | 60.1 (6.7) | — | — | — |
| White ethnicity | 93% | — | — | 96% | — | — | — |
| Employed | 46% | — | — | 42% | — | — | — |
| Any glucose-lowering drug | 0.4% | 57% | 56% | 0.6% | 67% | 67% | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) |
| Any hypertensive drug | 44% | 74% | 30% | 46% | 84% | 37% | 1.8 (1.3–2.3) |
| Any lipid-lowering drug | 15% | 78% | 63% | 18% | 85% | 67% | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) |
| History of myocardial infarction | 4.9% | — | — | 7% | — | — | — |
| History of stroke | 1.6% | — | — | 2.6% | — | — | — |
| Current smoker | 25% | 20% | –4.6% | 25% | 20% | –4.9% | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) |
| Median (p25, p75*) units of alcohol per week | 5 (1–12) | 4 (0–11) | –1.3 (8.7) | 5 (1–13) | 3 (0–10) | –1.3 (7.8) | –0.2 (–0.8 to 0.3) |
| Clinical | |||||||
| Mean (sd) BMI in kg/m2 | 31.4 (5.4) | 30.9 (5.5) | –0.5 (2.4) | 31.6 (5.4) | 31.1 (5.5) | –0.5 (2.6) | –0.03 (–0.2 to 0.2) |
| Median (p25, p75*) HbA1c in mmol/mol and% | 49 (43–56); 6.6 (6.1–7.3) | 48 (43–54) 6.5 (6.1–7.1) | –3.3 (17.0); –0.3 (1.6) | 48 (43–56); 6.5 (6.1–7.3) | 46 (42–52); 6.4 (6.0–6.9) | –4.7 (15.8); –0.4 (1.4) | –0.9 (–1.7 to –0.1); –0.1 (–0.2 to –0.01) |
| Mean(sd) systolic blood pressure in mmHg | 149.9 (21.4) | 138.0 (17.6) | –11.8 (22.3) | 148.1 (21.9) | 135.0 (16.6) | –13.3 (21.9) | –3.0 (–4.9 to –1.1) |
| Mean (sd) total cholesterol:HDL in mmol/l | 4.7 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.0) | –1.2 (1.4) | 4.7 (1.5) | 3.3 (1.1) | –1.3 (1.4) | –0.1 (–0.2 to –0.06) |
| Mean (sd) LDL cholesterol in mmol/l | 3.5 (1.0) | 2.3 (0.8) | –1.2 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.0) | 2.0 (0.8) | –1.4 (1.1) | –0.2 (–0.3 to –0.1) |
| Median (p25, p75*) triglycerides in mmol/l | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | –0.3 (1.4) | 1.6 (1.2–2.3) | 1.5 (1.0–2.1) | –0.2 (1.3) | –0.04 (–0.1 to 0.03) |
| Median albumin:creatine ratio (p25, p75*) | 0.86 (0.4–1.9) | 1.1 (0.6–2.7) | 1.7 (19.7) | 0.8 (0.4–2.0) | 1.2 (0.7–2.6) | 1.5 (23.2) | –0.7 (–1.8 to 0.4) |
*
25th and 75th percentile. All change values were normally distributed, so mean change and standard deviation (sd) are presented.
†
Intervention effect is estimated from a meta-analysis of centre level linear or logistic regression model, with the characteristic at follow-up as the outcome, adjusted for baseline value and with robust standard errors allowing for clustering by general practice.