Table 3.

Clinical correlates of GDF-15 in 2,991 FHS participants

Clinical Characteristic	estimated coefficient	s.e.	P Value
Age, per 10 years	0.211	0.006	<0.0001
Sex, men vs women	0.006	0.013	0.64
Diabetes, yes vs no	0.142	0.020	<0.0001
Hypertension treatment, yes vs no	0.073	0.014	<0.0001
Smoking, yes vs no	0.220	0.016	<0.0001
Total cholesterol, per 38 mg/dl	−0.028	0.006	<0.0001
HDL cholesterol, per 16 mg/dl	−0.024	0.007	0.0003
eGFR, per 42 ml/min/1.73m2	−0.032	0.006	<0.0001
NSAID use, yes vs no	0.050	0.018	0.006

The regression coefficients indicate the increase in log-GDF-15 in the presence vs absence of the trait for dichotomous variables, and per 1 standard deviation increase as noted in continuous variables. The following variables were not significant in the forward selection model (P > 0.05): systolic blood pressure, body-mass index, left ventricular hypertrophy, and atrial fibrillation.

s.e., standard error; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;