Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| Parameter | All (N = 867) |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 75.1 ± 7.1a |
| Sex, M (n, %) | 377 (43.5)b |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 4.0 |
| Calcium (mg/dl) | 9.4 ± 0.44 |
| PTH (pmol/L) | 22.4 [16.1–32.8]c |
| Vitamin D (nmol/L) | 40.4 [26.7–64.6] |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 1.3 [0.8–2.0] |
| CRP (μg/mL) | 2.3 (1.2–4.3) |
| sIL6r (ng/mL) | 93.9 [68.8–125.5] |
| sgp130 (ng/mL) | 308.3 [273.3–345.9] |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 4.52 [3.24–5.94] |
| sTNFR1 (pg/mL) | 1,356.3 [1,101.8–1,746.8] |
| sTNFR2 (pg/mL) | 2,608.1 [2,272.2–3,131.1] |
| IL-1β (pg/mL) | 0.12 [0.08–0.18] |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 0 [0–5.2] |
| IL-18 (pg/mL) | 376.5 [293.8–471.9] |
| IL-1ra (pg/mL) | 126.9 [93.4–174.9] |
| Caloric intake (kcal/day) | 1,857.9 [1,513.3–2,239.3] |
| High alcohol intake (n, %)d | 172 (19) |
| Smoking (n, %)e | |
| Never smokersf | 522 (60.2) |
| Former smokers | 229 (26.4) |
| Current smokers | 116 (13.3) |
| Pack of cigarette smoking (years) | 0 [0–18.5] |
| Total years of cigarette smoking (years) | 0 [0–33] |
| vBMDc (mg/cm3) | 999.3 ± 72.47 |
| No of drugs | 2[1–3] |
| Vitamin D supplements (n, %) | 32 (3.7) |
| Physical activity (n, %)g | |
| Sedentaryf | 166 (19.1) |
| Light physical activity | 657 (75.8) |
| Moderate–high physical activity | 44 (5.1) |
| ADL dependency (n, %)h | |
| Disabledf | 62 (7.2) |
| Not disabled | 805 (92.8) |
| Season of blood collection (n, %)i | |
| 1f | 247 (28.4) |
| 2 | 123 (14.2) |
| 3 | 145 (16.7) |
| 4 | 352 (40.6) |
| MMSE (total score) | 24.7 ± 4.5 |
| CES-D (total score) | 10 [6–17] |
| PAD (n, %) | 119 (13.7) |
| Parkinson disease (n, %) | 16 (1.8) |
| CHD (n, %) | 211 (24.3) |
| AST (U/L) | 20 [17–23] |
| ALT (U/L) | 17 [14–22] |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 [0.80–1.0] |
| COPD (n, %) | 81 (9.7) |
| Cancer (n, %) | 55 (6.3) |
PTH parathyroid hormone, CRP C-reactive protein, sIL6r soluble IL-6 receptor, sgp130 signaling-trasducing 130-kDa component, sTNFR1 soluble TNF-α receptors 1, sTNFR2 soluble TNF-α receptors 2, IL-1Ra IL-1 receptor antagonist, vBMDc cortical volumetric bone mineral density, ADL activities of daily living, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, PAD peripheral arterial disease, CHD coronary heart disease, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
aMean ± SD (all such values)
bAll such values are number of cases (percentage)
cAll such values are medians (IQR)
dHigh alcohol intake was defined as more than 21 drink/week for men and more than 14 drinks/week for women
eBased on self-reports scored from never smokers to current smokers
fReference category
gDerived from the interviewer-administered questionnaire scored from sedentary (inactivity or light-intensity activity less than 1 h/week), to moderate–high physical activity (light-intensity activity ≥5 h/week or moderate activity ≥1–2 h/week)
hDerived from the Katz’s Index categorized as disabled or not-disabled (6/6 ADL independent and loss of at least one activity was considered dependent)
iSeasons was categorized in four periods: 1 = winter (December, January, and February), 2 = spring (March, April, and May), 3 = summer (June, July, and August), and 4 = autumn (September, October, and November)