Fig. 5.

Effects of age and CR on insulin signaling molecules. a RS generation in aged rats and the effects of aging and CR were investigated using DCFDA and kidney homogenates. Values are the mean ± SEs of five rats. Results of one-factor ANOVA: ^# p < 0.05 vs. young age AL rats; ^* p < 0.05 vs. old age AL rats. ^$ p < 0.05 vs. Old AL rats. b CR prevented age-related activation of the PI3K/Akt, IKK, and ERK pathways. Western blotting was used to determine total and phosphorylated Akt (Ser 473) levels in cytoplasmic extracts (20 μg protein) from AL or CR rats. c Levels of insulin in the serum of young and old AL or CR rat were measured using a chemical reagent kit (n = 6 per group). The results shown are representative of three experiments. Results of one-factor ANOVA: ^** p < 0.01 vs. young AL rats; ^* p < 0.05 vs. old AL rats