Table 5.
Binary logistic regression analyses for demographic and socio-economic factors associated with tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use among men and women of nine South and Southeast Asian countries in Demographic and Health Surveys
| |
Tobacco smoking (men) |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India (β, 95 % CIs) | p-value | Pakistan | p-value | Nepal (β, 95% CIs) | p-value | Bangladesh (β, 95% CIs) | p-value | Maldives ‡ (β, 95% CIs) | p-value | Indonesia ‡ (β, 95 % CIs) | p-value | Cambodia (β, 95% CIs) | p-value | Timor Leste (β, 95% CIs) | p-value | |
|
Urban/Rural |
−0.11 (−0.16, −0.05) |
<0.001 |
0.15 (−0.16, 0.46) |
0.334 |
0.08 (−0.17, 0.33) |
0.541 |
−0.02 (−0.23, 0.19) |
0.852 |
−0.36 (−0.77, 0.06) |
0.092 |
−0.09 (−0.25, 0.06) |
0.225 |
−0.05 (−0.25, 0.16) |
<0.647 |
0.12 (−0.10, 0.34) |
0.290 |
|
Age (years) |
0.03 (0.03, 0.03) |
<0.001 |
0.04 (0.02, 0.05) |
<0.001 |
0.02 (0.01, 0.03) |
<0.001 |
0.01 (−0.00, 0.02) |
0.066 |
−0.03 (−0.04, −0.01) |
0.001 |
−0.01 (−0.02, −0.01) |
<0.001 |
0.07(0.06, 0.08) |
<0.001 |
0.06 (0.05, 0.08) |
<0.001 |
|
Marital status |
−0.41 (−0.48, −0.34) |
<0.001 |
0.83 (0.10, 1.57) |
0.027 |
−0.38 (−0.62, −0.14) |
0.002 |
−0.06 (−0.95, 0.82) |
0.891 |
0.69 (0.08, 1.30) |
0.027 |
−0.96 (−1.67, −0.26) |
0.008 |
−0.56 (−0.76, −0.36) |
<0.001 |
−0.14 (−0.33, 0.05) |
0.158 |
|
Education |
−0.34 (−0.37, −0.31) |
<0.001 |
−0.27 (−0.39, −0.14) |
<0.001 |
−0.47 (−0.58, −0.36) |
<0.001 |
−0.44 (−0.55, −0.33) |
<0.001 |
−0.28 (−0.44, −0.12) |
0.001 |
−0.32 (−0.43, −0.21) |
<0.001 |
−0.69 (−0.80,-0.58) |
<0.001 |
−0.32 (−0.43, −0.20) |
<0.001 |
|
Wealth index |
−0.15 (−0.18, −0.13) |
<0.001 |
−0.02 (−0.13, 0.10) |
0.767 |
−0.03 (−0.12, 0.05) |
0.423 |
−0.09 (−0.17, −0.02) |
0.019 |
−0.10 (−0.22, 0.03) |
0.121 |
−0.23 (−0.29, −0.17) |
<0.001 |
−0.25 (−0.31, −0.19) |
<0.001 |
−0.06 (−0.12, 0.01) |
0.092 |
|
Religion
+
|
−0.10 (−0.14, −0.07) |
<0.001 |
--------- |
-------- |
−0.30 (−0.55, −0.05) |
0.019 |
0.17 (−0.17, 0.51) |
0.325 |
--------- |
-------- |
----------- |
--------- |
0.73 (0.25, 1.21) |
<0.003 |
−0.98 (−1.78, −0.18) |
0.016 |
| |
Smokeless tobacco use (men) |
|||||||||||||||
|
Urban/Rural |
−0.14 (−0.19, −0.09) |
<0.001 |
−0.82 (−1.15, −0.49) |
<0.001 |
0.12 (−0.14, 0.38) |
0.355 |
−0.06 (−0.32, 0.20) |
0.657 |
−0.08 (−0.77, 0.61) |
0.815 |
0.77(0.03, 1.51) |
0.042 |
−0.07 (−0.72, 0.58) |
<0.833 |
−0.02 (−0.75, 0.71) |
0.956 |
|
Age (years) |
−0.00(−0.01, −0.00) |
0.005 |
−0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) |
0.001 |
0.03 (0.02, 0.04) |
<0.001 |
0.04 (0.03, 0.05) |
<0.001 |
0.05 (0.03, 0.08) |
<0.001 |
0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) |
0.335 |
0.04 (0.03, 0.06) |
<0.001 |
0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) |
0.272 |
|
Marital status |
−0.55 (−0.62, −0.49) |
<0.001 |
−1.10 (−2.08, −0.13) |
0.027 |
−1.19 (−1.48, −0.91) |
<0.001 |
−0.28 (−1.24, 0.68) |
0.562 |
−0.77 (−1.75, 0.20) |
0.12 |
0.25 (−1.11, 1.62) |
0.717 |
−0.15 (−0.46, 0.15) |
<0.330 |
−0.27 (−0.86, 0.33) |
0.381 |
|
Education |
−0.07 (−0.10, −0.04) |
<0.001 |
−0.21 (−0.36, −0.06) |
0.006 |
−0.41 (−0.56, −0.26) |
<0.001 |
−0.09 (−0.19, 0.02) |
0.107 |
−0.50 (−0.94, −0.07) |
0.024 |
−0.63 (−1.12, −0.14) |
0.012 |
−0.50 (−0.69, −0.30) |
<0.001 |
−0.25 (−0.50, 0.01) |
0.055 |
|
Wealth index |
−0.28 (−0.30, −0.26) |
<0.001 |
−0.14 (−0.28, 0.00) |
0.054 |
−0.10 (−0.19, −0.00) |
0.041 |
−0.16 (−0.24, −0.08) |
<0.001 |
−0.09 (−0.28, 0.09) |
0.328 |
−0.69 (−1.13, −0.25) |
0.002 |
−0.44 (−0.60, −0.28) |
<0.001 |
−0.16 (−0.32, 0.01) |
0.063 |
|
Religion
+
|
−0.14 (−0.17, −0.10) |
<0.001 |
---------- |
--------- |
−0.35 (−0.64, −0.06) |
0.017 |
−0.15 (−0.55, 0.24) |
0.438 |
--------- |
--------- |
--------- |
--------- |
0.82 (−0.02, 1.67) |
<0.057 |
0.90 (−0.07, 1.87) |
0.068 |
| |
Tobacco smoking (women) |
|||||||||||||||
| |
India |
|
Pakistan |
|
Nepal |
|
Philippines |
|
Maldives
‡
|
|
Indonesia
‡
|
|
Cambodia |
|
Timor Leste |
|
|
Urban/Rural |
0.36 (0.21, 0.51) |
<0.001 |
−0.15 (−0.68, 0.37) |
0.566 |
−0.24 (−0.56, 0.07) |
0.125 |
−0.39 (−0.57, −0.21) |
<0.001 |
−0.82 (−1.35, −0.30) |
0.002 |
−0.41 (−0.61, −0.21) |
<0.001 |
0.06 (−0.43, 0.54) |
<0.821 |
−0.60 (−0.93, −0.27) |
<0.001 |
|
Age (years) |
0.07 (0.06, 0.07) |
<0.001 |
0.07 (0.05, 0.09) |
<0.001 |
0.10 (0.09, 0.11) |
<0.001 |
0.04 (0.03, 0.05) |
<0.001 |
0.08 (0.05, 0.10) |
<0.001 |
0.05 (0.04, 0.06) |
<0.001 |
0.06 (0.05, 0.07) |
<0.001 |
0.07 (0.05, 0.08) |
<0.001 |
|
Marital status |
−0.16 (−0.32, −0.00) |
0.050 |
0.45(−0.11, 1.00) |
0.116 |
−0.21 (−0.47, 0.06) |
0.129 |
−0.40 (−0.62, −0.19) |
<0.001 |
0.30 (0.15, 0.46) |
<0.001 |
0.35 (0.12, 0.58) |
0.003 |
0.00 (−0.32, 0.32) |
<0.996 |
−0.06 (−0.32, 0.21) |
0.674 |
|
Education |
−0.60 (−0.69, −0.52) |
<0.001 |
−0.81(−1.07, −0.56) |
<0.001 |
−0.67 (−0.82, −0.52) |
<0.001 |
−0.37 (−0.49, −0.25) |
<0.001 |
−0.40 (−0.76, −0.03) |
0.032 |
−0.16 (−0.34, 0.02) |
0.075 |
−1.17 (−1.39, −0.95) |
<0.001 |
−0.37 (−0.52, −0.21) |
<0.001 |
|
Wealthindex |
−0.38 (−0.43, −0.33) |
<0.001 |
−0.49(−0.64, −0.34 |
<0.001 |
−0.53 (−0.63, −0.43) |
<0.001 |
−0.12 (−0.19, −0.05) |
0.001 |
−0.28 (−0.43, −0.12) |
0.001 |
−0.22 (−0.30, −0.15) |
<0.001 |
−0.50 (−0.63, −0.38) |
<0.001 |
−0.08 (−0.17, 0.02) |
0.115 |
|
Religion
+
|
−0.10 (−0.20, −0.00) |
0.042 |
-------- |
-------- |
0.15 (−0.14, 0.44 |
0.307 |
−0.40 (−0.61, −0.19) |
<0.001 |
--------- |
--------- |
--------- |
--------- |
1.63 (1.08, 2.18) |
<0.001 |
−0.13 (−0.79, 0.53) |
<0.704 |
| |
Smokeless tobacco use (women) |
|||||||||||||||
|
Urban/Rural |
−0.21 (−0.27, −0.14) |
<0.001 |
−0.63 (−1.09, −0.18) |
0.007 |
−0.01(−0.44, 0.43) |
0.968 |
0.19 (−0.57, 0.95) |
0.628 |
−0.34 (−0.98, 0.31) |
<0.306 |
0.57 (−0.03, 1.18) |
0.064 |
1.07 (0.49, 1.65) |
<0.001 |
−0.48 (−0.86, −0.10) |
0.013 |
|
Age (years) |
0.06 (0.05, 0.06) |
<0.001 |
0.05 (0.03, 0.07) |
<0.001 |
0.07 (0.06, 0.08) |
<0.001 |
0.10 (0.06, 0.14) |
<0.001 |
0.10 (0.06, 0.14) |
<0.001 |
0.04 (0.01, 0.06) |
0.006 |
0.12 (0.11, 0.13) |
<0.001 |
0.10 (0.08, 0.11) |
0.000 |
|
Marital status |
−0.05 (−0.12, 0.02) |
0.192 |
0.33 (−0.17, 0.84) |
0.195 |
−0.72 (−1.10, −0.34) |
<0.001 |
0.22 (−0.75, 1.19) |
0.652 |
−0.08 (−0.25, 0.09) |
<0.364 |
0.44 (−0.02, 0.90) |
0.061 |
−0.19 (−0.40, 0.01) |
<0.067 |
0.03 (−0.29, 0.36) |
0.841 |
|
Education |
−0.28 (−0.32, −0.24) |
<0.001 |
−0.60 (−0.83, −0.36) |
<0.001 |
−0.19 (−0.36, −0.01) |
<0.040 |
−0.62 (−1.16, −0.08) |
0.023 |
−0.54 (−1.06, −0.03) |
<0.040 |
−0.37 (−0.83, 0.09) |
0.115 |
−0.48 (−0.64, −0.31) |
<0.001 |
−0.54 (−0.77, −0.31) |
<0.001 |
|
Wealthindex |
−0.42 (−0.45, −0.39) |
<0.001 |
−0.31 (−0.46, −0.16) |
<0.001 |
−0.39 (−0.55, −0.24) |
<0.001 |
−0.78 (−1.11, −0.45) |
<0.001 |
−0.34 (−0.52, −0.16) |
<0.001 |
−0.61 (−0.80, −0.42) |
<0.001 |
−0.48 (−0.57, −0.39) |
<0.001 |
−0.20 (−0.32, −0.08) |
0.001 |
| Religion + | 0.13 (0.08, 0.17) | <0.001 | ------------ | -------- | 0.45 (0.03, 0.86) | 0.037 | −0.08 (−0.67, 0.52) | 0.803 | --------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | 0.54 (−0.26, 1.34) | <0.188 | −0.63 (−1.60, 0.34) | 0.203 |
‡Information about religion was not collected in these countries.
+For all countries except India (Hindu, Islam, and others), religion was grouped as main religion and others (for example Buddhist in Cambodia and Islam in Maldives, Indonesia, and Bangladesh).