Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study cohort
| Patients who survived (n = 7697) | Patients who died (n = 1070) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| |
Median (25th to 75th) or n(%) |
Median (25th to 75th) or n(%) |
P value† |
| Age, years |
57(47–66) |
69(62–75) |
<0.0001 |
| Male gender |
3586(46.6%) |
533(49.8%) |
0.0477 |
| Smoking status |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Ex-smoker |
1094(14.2%) |
256(23.9%) |
|
| Current smoker |
1310(17.0%) |
197(18.4%) |
|
| Alcohol intake |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Ex-drinker |
846(11.0%) |
206(19.3%) |
|
| Current drinker |
720(9.4%) |
57(19.3%) |
|
| Body mass index, kg/m2 |
24.9(22.6-27.6) |
24.2(21.8-26.6) |
<0.0001 |
| Duration of diabetes, years |
5(1-10) |
9(4–15) |
<0.0001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg |
132(120–145) |
144(128–159) |
<0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg |
75(68–82) |
75(68–83) |
0.4583 |
| HbA1c, % |
7.2(6.3-8.4) |
7.5(6.5-8.9) |
<0.0001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L |
2.98(2.40-3.60) |
3.14(2.50-3.90) |
<0.0001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L |
1.28(1.09-1.52) |
1.25(1.03-1.54) |
0.0108 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L |
1.37(0.97-1.99) |
1.36(0.98-2.00) |
0.6668 |
| Spot urinary ACR, mg/mmol |
1.69(2.72) |
13.42(2.06-120.20) |
<0.0001 |
| Prior cardiovascular disease |
972(12.6%) |
321(30.0%) |
<0.0001 |
| Prior cancer |
193(2.9%) |
69(6.5%) |
<0.0001 |
|
Medication use at enrollment | |||
| Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors |
1687(21.9%) |
306(28.6%) |
<0.0001 |
| Lipid lowering drugs |
1509(19.6%) |
170(15.9%) |
0.0038 |
| Oral anti-diabetes drugs |
5335(69.3%) |
626(58.5%) |
<0.0001 |
| Insulin |
1197(15.6%) |
311(29.1%) |
<0.0001 |
|
CKD events at baseline | |||
| eGFR, ml min-1 1.73 m-2 at baseline |
105.6(86.2-126.0) |
79.0(51.7-104.7) |
<0.0001 |
| eGFR < 60 ml min-1 1.73 m-2 at baseline |
571(7.4%) |
326(30.5%) |
<0.0001 |
|
Major hyopglycaemia events | |||
| 12 months prior to enrollment |
146(1.9%) |
63(5.9%) |
<0.0001 |
| During follow-up only§ |
122(1.6%) |
57(5.3%) |
<0.0001 |
| Either of them | 268(3.5%) | 120(11.2%) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: HbA1c, glycated haemglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BP, blood pressure; ACR, albumin:creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate;
†, Derived from Wilcoxon Two-Sample test or Chi-squared test where appropriate;
§, Defined as hypoglycaemia events that required hospitalisations. For patients who developed the event during follow-up, the time period from enrollment to the time of hospitalisation was removed as the immortal time period so that the follow-up started at the time of admission for hypoglycaemia. In these patients, all baseline values of continuous covariables and prior cancer and cardiovascular disease were re-estimated by treating the time of admission for hypoglycaemia as the enrollment date.