Table 2.
HIV viral load by selected demographic, sexual risk characteristics, and testing locations.
| Viral load Mean (SD) | Viral load Median | Unadjusteda P value |
Adjustedb P value |
<400 (N = 87) n (row %) |
401–10 000 (N = 279) n (row %) |
10 001–50 000 (N = 248) n (row %) |
50 001–100 000 (N = 109) n (row %) |
> 100000 (N=129) n (row %) |
Total (N = 852) n (col %) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall viral load (copies/ml) | 94 398 (427 465) | 15 474 | 87 (10.2) | 279 (32.7) | 248 (29.1) | 109 (12.8) | 129 (15.1) | 852 (100.0) | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| 12–14 | 4655 (5591) | 2371 | 0.3857 | 0 (0.0) | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.5) | |
| 15–17 | 89 906 (281 735) | 15 811 | 8 (9.4) | 28 (32.9) | 24 (28.2) | 16 (18.8) | 9 (10.6) | 85 (10.0) | ||
| 18–21 | 82 673 (394 355) | 15 457 | 41 (10.3) | 134 (33.6) | 113 (28.3) | 53 (13.3) | 58 (14.5) | 399 (46.8) | ||
| 22–24 | 109 373 (489 579) | 16 000 | 38 (10.5) | 114 (31.4) | 110 (30.3) | 39 (10.7) | 62 (17.1) | 363 (42.6) | ||
| Missing | 77 755 (.) | 77 755 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | ||
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Men | 106 681 (471 677) | 17 412 | <0.0001 | 0.0705 | 67 (10.0) | 208 (31.0) | 193 (28.7) | 91 (13.5) | 113 (16.8) | 672 (78.9) |
| Women | 47 723 (196 599) | 6607 | 18 (12.4) | 62 (42.8) | 44 (30.3) | 9 (6.2) | 12 (8.3) | 145 (17.0) | ||
| Transgender | 51 928 (70 861) | 31 261 | 2 (5.7) | 9 (25.7) | 11 (31.4) | 9 (25.7) | 4 (11.4) | 35 (4.1) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 211 091 (883 954) | 19 864 | 0.4076 | 6 (10.7) | 13 (23.2) | 16 (28.6) | 11 (19.6) | 10 (17.9) | 56 (6.6) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 75 990 (247 832) | 16 240 | 66 (11.4) | 186 (32.0) | 169 (29.1) | 78 (13.4) | 82 (14.1) | 581 (68.2) | ||
| Hispanic | 123 770 (672 267) | 13 256 | 12 (7.2) | 64 (38.3) | 51 (30.5) | 15 (9.0) | 25 (15.0) | 167 (19.6) | ||
| Other | 78 875 (127 409) | 15 655 | 3 (6.3) | 16 (33.3) | 12 (25.0) | 5 (10.4) | 12 (25.0) | 48 (5.6) | ||
| CD4+ cell count (cells/μl)c | ||||||||||
| 0–50 | 486 656 (839 584) | 198 313 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1 (3.4) | 3 (10.3) | 5 (17.2) | 2 (6.9) | 18 (62.1) | 29 (3.4) |
| 51–200 | 234 411 (878 424) | 65 850 | 2 (2.5) | 12 (15.0) | 17 (21.3) | 22 (27.5) | 27 (33.8) | 80 (9.4) | ||
| 201–350 | 77 629 (208 478) | 24 834 | 8 (4.5) | 48 (26.8) | 63 (35.2) | 29 (16.2) | 31 (17.3) | 179 (21.1) | ||
| 351–500 | 79 327 (302 224) | 17 393 | 19 (8.2) | 72 (30.9) | 76 (32.6) | 33 (14.2) | 33 (14.2) | 233 (27.3) | ||
| >500 | 45 869 (343 618) | 6247 | 57 (17.2) | 144 (43.5) | 87 (26.3) | 23 (6.9) | 20 (6.0) | 331 (38.8) | ||
| Sexual orientation | ||||||||||
| Heterosexual | 47 348 (111 100) | 10 842 | 0.0270 | 22 (11.0) | 76 (38.0) | 59 (29.5) | 21 (10.5) | 22 (11.0) | 200 (23.5) | |
| Homosexual | 124 837 (564 317) | 18 324 | 42 (9.1) | 142 (30.8) | 137 (29.7) | 67 (14.5) | 73 (15.8) | 461 (54.1) | ||
| Bisexual | 74 977 (165 741) | 18 789 | 13 (11.3) | 36 (31.3) | 30 (26.1) | 15 (13.0) | 21 (18.3) | 115 (13.5) | ||
| Other | 62 964 (180 197) | 11 512 | 10 (13.2) | 25 (32.9) | 22 (28.9) | 6 (7.9) | 13 (17.1) | 76 (8.9) | ||
| Mode of HIV acquisition | ||||||||||
| Perinatal | 33 501 (57 214) | 4708 | 0.0006 | <0.0001 | 6 (20.0) | 11 (36.7) | 7 (23.3) | 3 (10.0) | 3 (10.0) | 30 (3.5) |
| Heterosexual contact | 45 750 (118 234) | 8582 | 20 (11.4) | 72 (41.1) | 52 (29.7) | 13 (7.4) | 18 (10.3) | 175 (20.5) | ||
| Male-to-male sexual contact | 115 213 (506 012) | 18 494 | 59 (9.9) | 177 (29.8) | 173 (29.2) | 84 (14.2) | 100 (16.9) | 593 (69.6) | ||
| IDU + other | 57 307 (100 524) | 18 187 | 2 (3.7) | 19 (35.2) | 16 (29.6) | 9 (16.7) | 8 (14.8) | 54 (6.3) | ||
| Where HIV tested | ||||||||||
| Medical care services provider | 112 693 (506 804) | 15 811 | 0.1618 | 21 (9.6) | 71 (32.4) | 69 (31.5) | 23 (10.5) | 35 (16.0) | 219 (25.7) | |
| Community-based organization | 125 265 (619 121) | 16 326 | 22 (12.5) | 56 (31.8) | 46 (26.1) | 29 (16.5) | 23 (13.1) | 176 (20.7) | ||
| Cultural or social institution | 83 122 (265 884) | 16 000 | 6 (4.1) | 49 (33.8) | 44 (30.3) | 21 (14.5) | 25 (17.2) | 145 (17.0) | ||
| Local government agency | 73 560 (304 957) | 20 000 | 23 (11.7) | 58 (29.4) | 61 (31.0) | 25 (12.7) | 30 (15.2) | 197 (23.1) | ||
| Faith- based/spiritual institution | 56 829 (63 022) | 31 960 | 1 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (33.3) | 6 (0.7) | ||
| Other | 61 842 (186 524) | 7374 | 13 (12.7) | 44 (43.1) | 24 (23.5) | 9 (8.8) | 12 (11.8) | 102 (12.0) | ||
| Missing | 81 688 (59 563) | 68 958 | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (33.3) | 2 (33.3) | 6 (0.7) | ||
| Region | ||||||||||
| Northeast | 123 853 (539 293) | 16 779 | 0.1082 | 11 (7.6) | 46 (31.7) | 42 (29.0) | 21 (14.5) | 25 (17.2) | 145 (17.0) | |
| Midwest | 65 690 (229839) | 16 892 | 9 (5.1) | 59 (33.1) | 57 (32.0) | 29 (16.3) | 24 (13.5) | 178 (20.9) | ||
| South | 91 061 (350 454) | 14 920 | 60 (16.1) | 111 (29.8) | 104 (27.9) | 46 (12.3) | 52 (13.9) | 373 (43.8) | ||
| West | 72 877 (121 059) | 13 216 | 4 (4.2) | 40 (41.7) | 19 (19.8) | 10 (10.4) | 23 (24.0) | 96 (11.3) | ||
| Puerto Rico | 163 567 (979 284) | 11 299 | 3 (5.0) | 23 (38.3) | 26 (43.3) | 3 (5.0) | 5 (8.3) | 60 (7.0) | ||
| Site | ||||||||||
| 01 – Tampa | 156 845 (699 003) | 11 972 | 0.0503 | 7 (20.0) | 10 (28.6) | 11 (31.4) | 3 (8.6) | 4 (11.4) | 35 (4.1) | |
| 02 – Los Angeles | 53 875 (95 423) | 11 600 | 4 (8.5) | 19 (40.4) | 12 (25.5) | 4 (8.5) | 8 (17.0) | 47 (5.5) | ||
| 03 – Washington DC | 53 297 (94 435) | 17 622 | 9 (11.4) | 24 (30.4) | 19 (24.1) | 18 (22.8) | 9 (11.4) | 79 (9.3) | ||
| 04 – Philadelphia | 96 812 (265 969) | 20 725 | 6 (8.8) | 20 (29.4) | 20 (29.4) | 12 (17.6) | 10 (14.7) | 68 (8.0) | ||
| 05 – Chicago Stroger Hospital | 49 362 (96 038) | 11 531 | 4 (6.2) | 28 (43.1) | 16 (24.6) | 10 (15.4) | 7 (10.8) | 65 (7.6) | ||
| 06 – San Juan, Puerto Rico | 163 567 (979 284) | 11 299 | 3 (5.0) | 23 (38.3) | 26 (43.3) | 3 (5.0) | 5 (8.3) | 60 (7.0) | ||
| 07 – Bronx, NY | 62 538 (143 035) | 15 037 | 5 (8.9) | 19 (33.9) | 16 (28.6) | 7 (12.5) | 9 (16.1) | 56 (6.6) | ||
| 08 – NY, NY | 374 920 (1 312 094) | 18 494 | 0 (0.0) | 7 (33.3) | 6 (28.6) | 2 (9.5) | 6 (28.6) | 21 (2.5) | ||
| 09 – San Francisco | 91 102 (139 951) | 13 597 | 0 (0.0) | 21 (42.9) | 7 (14.3) | 6 (12.2) | 15 (30.6) | 49 (5.8) | ||
| 10 – New Orleans | 148 490 (522 167) | 30 363 | 5 (12.8) | 5 (12.8) | 14 (35.9) | 4 (10.3) | 11 (28.2) | 39 (4.6) | ||
| 11 – Baltimore | 60 422 (196 076) | 15 135 | 7 (12.3) | 20 (35.1) | 17 (29.8) | 8 (14.0) | 5 (8.8) | 57 (6.7) | ||
| 12 – Miami | 43 415 (86 461) | 10 984 | 2 (11.8) | 6 (35.3) | 5 (29.4) | 3 (17.6) | 1 (5.9) | 17 (2.0) | ||
| 13 – Ft. Lauderdale | 255 823 (647 725) | 4427 | 5 (21.7) | 10 (43.5) | 3 (13.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (21.7) | 23 (2.7) | ||
| 16 – Memphis | 68 362 (209 288) | 10 200 | 25 (20.3) | 36 (29.3) | 35 (28.5) | 10 (8.1) | 17 (13.8) | 123 (14.4) | ||
| 17 – Chicago Children’s Memorial | 75 082 (279 231) | 20842 | 5 (4.4) | 31 (27.4) | 41 (36.3) | 19 (16.8) | 17 (15.0) | 113 (13.3) |
a
The unadjusted P value tests whether the median differences among categories for a specific characteristic are significant.
b
The adjusted P value is from the multivariable linear model with the outcome of viral load ranks. Covariates with an unadjusted P value <0.05 were entered in the initial full multivariable model, including sex, CD4+ cell counts, sexual orientation, and mode of HIV acquisition. After model selection, covariates with a type III SS P value <0.05 were retained in the final model.
c
Both continuous and categorical CD4+ cell counts were examined in separate multivariable models, respectively. After model selection, the results were the similar: CD4+ cell counts and model of HIV acquisition were retained in the final model.