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Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in bovine intestinal epithelial epitheliocytes (BIE cells) (A). Upon recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), TLR4 dimerizes and initiates a signaling cascades that include phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways; and culminates in the production of inflammatory mediators by BIE cells (B).
