Table 2.
Characteristics of Cases vs Matched Controls Aged 1 to 4 Years
| No. (%)b
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristica | Cases (n=61) |
Controls (n=134) |
P Valuec |
| Demographic | |||
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 2.62 (1.01) | 2.71 (1.03) | .77 |
| Sexd | .78 | ||
| F | 25 (41) | 56 (42) | |
| M | 36 (59) | 78 (58) | |
| Race | .04 | ||
| White | 35 (57) | 84 (72) | |
| Nonwhite | 26 (43) | 32 (28) | |
| Household income, $ | .03 | ||
| >50000 | 25 (48) | 83 (70) | |
| ≤50000 | 27 (52) | 36 (30) | |
| Education of respondente | .003 | ||
| >High school | 25 (44) | 84 (73) | |
| ≤High school | 32 (56) | 31 (27) | |
| Children <6yin household | .16 | ||
| No | 24 (42) | 63 (55) | |
| Yes | 33 (58) | 52 (46) | |
| Environmental | |||
| Exposure to water, May-Sep, time/mo | .15 | ||
| ≤1 | 22 (37) | 37 (28) | |
| >1 | 38 (63) | 97 (72) | |
| Exposure to water, Oct-Apr, time/mo | .12 | ||
| ≤1 | 46 (87) | 98 (80) | |
| >1 | 7 (13) | 24 (20) | |
| Of those with a pool | .68 | ||
| Four-sided fence | 10 (33) | 27 (44) | |
| Property fence | 7 (23) | 12 (19) | |
| No fence | 13 (43) | 23 (37) | |
| Health and development | |||
| Able to climb ladder | .30 | ||
| No | 18 (30) | 43 (38) | |
| Yes | 42 (70) | 70 (62) | |
| Able to open sliding door | .41 | ||
| No | 26 (50) | 66 (59) | |
| Yes | 26 (50) | 45 (41) | |
| Able to walk well | .30 | ||
| No | 0 | 5 (4) | |
| Yes | 61 (100) | 113 (96) | |
| Risk taking score, mean (SD) | 2.07 (0.48) | 1.90 (0.46) | .03 |
| Temperament score, mean (SD) | 2.74 (0.38) | 2.84 (0.32) | .06 |
| General health | .11 | ||
| Excellent/very good/good | 57 (93) | 114 (98) | |
| Fair/poor | 4 (7) | 2 (2) | |
| Seizure disorder | .79 | ||
| No | 60 (98) | 130 (98) | |
| Yes | 1 (2) | 3 (2) | |
| Other medical condition | .07 | ||
| No | 49 (80) | 120 (91) | |
| Yes | 12 (20) | 12 (9) | |
| Swimming lessons | |||
| Formal | .002 | ||
| No | 59 (97) | 99 (74) | |
| Yes | 2 (3) | 35 (26) | |
| Informal instructionf | .24 | ||
| Never/rarely/sometimes | 25 (42) | 42 (35) | |
| Every or most of the time | 35 (58) | 78 (65) | |
| Comfort in water | |||
| Liked the water | .65 | ||
| No | 14 (23) | 27 (20) | |
| Yes | 47 (77) | 106 (80) | |
| Comfortable in water | .71 | ||
| Uncomfortable/slightly uncomfortable | 12 (20) | 18 (15) | |
| Comfortable/very comfort | 49 (80) | 101 (85) | |
| Comfortable putting whole head in water | .36 | ||
| No | 38 (64) | 70 (59) | |
| Yes | 21 (36) | 49 (41) | |
| Swimming ability | |||
| Float on back for 10 s | .01 | ||
| No | 57 (95) | 110 (82) | |
| Yes | 3 (5) | 24 (18) | |
| Swim on stomach 15 ft | .07 | ||
| No | 59 (97) | 120 (90) | |
| Yes | 2 (3) | 14 (10) | |
| Jump in a pool/swim 5 ft/back to wall | .07 | ||
| No | 59 (97) | 106 (88) | |
| Yes | 2 (3) | 14 (12) | |
a
Characteristic of case or control, except where specified in headings.
b
Totals vary slightly because of missing data; percentage of distribution based on a denominator of those with information.
c
P value from the Wald statistic of a conditional logistic regression model containing only that variable.
d
Although cases and controls were matched by sex, we were not able to find sex-matched controls for all cases.
e
Asked only if the respondent lived with the child.
f
Assessed by asking how often the child received informal instructions, pointers, or tips about swimming or water safety when he or she went swimming.