Table 3.
Characteristics of Cases vs Matched Controls Aged 5 to 19 Years
| No. (%)b
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristica | Cases (n=27) | Controls (n=79) | P Valuec |
| Demographic | |||
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 14.0 (5.2) | 13.7 (4.6) | .06 |
| Sexd | … | ||
| F | 4 (15) | 9 (11) | |
| M | 23 (85) | 70 (89) | |
| Race | .09 | ||
| White | 12 (48) | 47 (68) | |
| Nonwhite | 13 (52) | 22 (32) | |
| Household income, $ | .01 | ||
| >50000 | 5 (21) | 39 (57) | |
| ≤50000 | 19 (79) | 30 (43) | |
| Education of respondente | .11 | ||
| >High school | 10 (50) | 45 (65) | |
| ≤High school | 10 (50) | 24 (35) | |
| Children <6yin household | .88 | ||
| No | 19 (83) | 65 (82) | |
| Yes | 4 (17) | 14 (18) | |
| Environmental | |||
| Exposure to water, May–Sep, time/mo | .11 | ||
| ≤1 | 10 (38) | 18 (23) | |
| >1 | 16 (62) | 61 (77) | |
| Exposure to water, Oct–Apr, time/mo | .13 | ||
| ≤1 | 23 (88) | 60 (76) | |
| >1 | 3 (12) | 19 (24) | |
| Health and development | |||
| Risk taking score, ages 5–9 y, mean (SD) | 2.15 (0.80) | 1.87 (0.36) | .32 |
| Sensation seeking score, ages 10–19 y, mean (SD) | 2.30 (0.61) | 2.44 (0.40) | .44 |
| General health | … | ||
| Excellent/very good/good | 25 (100) | 69 (100) | |
| Fair/poor | 0 | 0 | |
| Seizure disorder | .005 | ||
| No | 20 (80) | 78 (100) | |
| Yes | 5 (20) | 0 | |
| Other medical condition | .38 | ||
| No | 17 (65) | 59 (76) | |
| Yes | 9 (35) | 19 (24) | |
| Swimming lessons | |||
| Formal | .02 | ||
| No | 19 (73) | 37 (47) | |
| Yes | 7 (27) | 42 (53) | |
| Informal instructionf | .45 | ||
| Never/rarely/sometimes | 9 (41) | 21 (30) | |
| Every or most of the time | 13 (59) | 49 (70) | |
| Comfort in water | |||
| Comfortable in water | .81 | ||
| Uncomfortable/slightly uncomfortable | 4 (17) | 11 (14) | |
| Comfortable/very comfortable | 20 (83) | 67 (86) | |
| Comfortable putting whole head in water | .32 | ||
| No | 7 (28) | 13 (19) | |
| Yes | 18 (72) | 56 (81) | |
| Comfortable in water to waist | .02 | ||
| No | 6 (24) | 4 (6) | |
| Yes | 19 (76) | 66 (94) | |
| Comfortable jumping into water over his/her head | .02 | ||
| No | 11 (44) | 15 (21) | |
| Yes | 14 (56) | 55 (79) | |
| Comfortable playing or swimming in water over his/her head | .007 | ||
| No | 12 (48) | 15 (22) | |
| Yes | 13 (52) | 54 (78) | |
| Swimming ability | |||
| Float on back for 10 s | .08 | ||
| No | 11 (42) | 20 (27) | |
| Yes | 15 (58) | 55 (73) | |
| Swim on stomach 15 ft | .003 | ||
| No | 14 (56) | 15 (19) | |
| Yes | 11 (44) | 62 (81) | |
| Jump in a pool/swim 5 ft/back to wall | .03 | ||
| No | 10 (40) | 15 (22) | |
| Yes | 15 (60) | 54 (78) | |
| Swim/take breath/continue | .03 | ||
| No | 10 (40) | 16 (21) | |
| Yes | 15 (60) | 61 (79) | |
| Swim 50 ft | .09 | ||
| No | 12 (52) | 23 (31) | |
| Yes | 11 (48) | 51 (69) | |
| Swim >1 min | .01 | ||
| No | 10 (42) | 12 (16) | |
| Yes | 14 (58) | 64 (84) | |
a
Characteristic of case or control, except where specified in headings.
b
Totals vary slightly because of missing data; percentage of distribution based on a denominator of those with information.
c
P value from the Wald statistic of a conditional logistic regression model containing only that variable.
d
All cases and controls in the 5- to 19-year age group were matched by sex; therefore, the P value is not applicable.
e
Asked only if the respondent lived with the child.
f
Assessed by asking how often the child received informal instructions, pointers, or tips about swimming or water safety when he or she went swimming.