Table 2.
Construct validity test for the short version of the empowerment questionnaire
| Pearson’s correlation coefficients | Cronbach’s α | Pearson’s correlation coefficients | Cronbach’s α | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Self-managed dietary behaviors questionnaire (four-step answers, higher scores are better) |
|
|
|
|
| Self-managed dietary behaviors scale |
|
0.747 |
|
0.778 |
| A-1 Do you eat three meals a day? |
0.245 |
|
- |
|
| A-2 Are you taking your meals at fixed times every day? |
0.325 |
|
- |
|
| A-3 Do you follow the meal plans specified by the physician or dietitian? |
0.561 |
|
0.643 |
|
| A-4 Do you observe balanced food intake in your three meals? |
0.666 |
|
0.701 |
|
| A-5 Do you stick to the amounts specified for staple foods? |
0.570 |
|
0.619 |
|
| A-6 Do you eat protein at meals? |
0.365 |
|
- |
|
| A-7 Do you eat vegetables at all three meals? |
0.489 |
|
0.390 |
|
|
Self-managed exercise behaviors questionnaire (four-step answers, higher scores are better) |
|
|
|
|
| Self-managed exercise behaviors scale |
|
0.891 |
|
0.891 |
| A-8 Do you exercise more than 20 minutes a day? |
0.829 |
|
0.829 |
|
| A-9 Do you remember to exercise even if busy at work or home? |
0.846 |
|
0.846 |
|
| A-10 Do you come up with different ways to exercise when the weather is bad? |
0.691 |
|
0.691 |
|
|
ADS questionnaire (five-step answers) |
|
|
|
|
| Psychological impact of diabetes scale (lower scores are better) |
0.758 |
|
0.758 |
|
| B-1 How upsetting is having diabetes for you? |
0.555 |
|
0.555 |
|
| B-3 How much uncertainty do you currently experience in your life as a result of being diabetic? |
0.617 |
|
0.617 |
|
| B-4 How likely is your diabetes to worsen over the next several years? (Try to give an estimate based on your personal feeling rather than based on a rational judgment.) |
0.502 |
|
0.502 |
|
| B-7 To what degree does your diabetes get in the way of your developing life goals? |
0.553 |
|
0.553 |
|
| Sense of self-control over diabetes scale (higher scores are better) |
0.552 |
|
|
|
| B-2 How much control over your diabetes do you have? |
0.382 |
|
- |
|
| B-6 How effective are you in coping with your diabetes? |
0.382 |
|
- |
|
| Self-effort in diabetic control scale (higher scores are better) |
|
|
|
|
| B-5 Do you believe that achieving good diabetic control is due to your efforts as compared to factors which are beyond your control? |
1.000 |
|
- |
|
|
DFBC questionnaire (five-step answers) |
|
|
|
|
| Patient-family communication scale (negative feedback, lower scores are better) |
0.735 |
|
0.735 |
|
| D-4 Criticize you for not exercising regularly? |
0.529 |
|
0.529 |
|
| D-6 Nag you about not following your diet? |
0.629 |
|
0.629 |
|
| D-7 Argue with you about your diabetes self-care activities? |
0.553 |
|
0.553 |
|
| Patient-family communication scale (positive feedback, higher scores are better) |
0.693 |
|
0.695 |
|
| D-1 Praise you for following your diet? |
0.454 |
|
0.499 |
|
| D-3 Suggest things that might help you take insulin on time? |
0.427 |
|
0.412 |
|
| D-9 Plan family activities so that they will fit in with your diabetes self-care schedule? |
0.469 |
|
0.425 |
|
| D-10 Congratulate you for sticking to your diabetes self-care schedule? |
0.568 |
|
0.588 |
|
| D-13 Exercise with you? |
0.255 |
|
- |
|
| D-15 Buy you things containing sugar to carry with you in case of hypoglycemic reaction? | 0.380 | - |