Table 5.

Stratification of the five scale scores by gender and age

	Scale	Self-managed dietary behaviors 1)	Self-managed exercise behaviors 2)	Psychological impact of diabetes 3)	Patient-family communications:
					Positive feedback 4)	Negative feedback 5)
Gender	Male (n = 162)	12.90 ± 2.70	7.67 ± 2.97	10.51 ± 2.95	9.45 ± 4.27	5.86 ± 2.99
	Female (n = 176)	13.27 ± 2.36	7.55 ± 3.19	11.48 ± 3.20	7.70 ± 3.78	4.83 ± 2.59
				P < 0.0043	P < 0.0001	P = 0.0008
Age	≤ 50 (n = 40)	12.83 ± 2.15	6.10 ± 2.90	11.73 ± 3.06	8.35 ± 4.29	6.10 ± 3.19
	50 – 59 (n = 74)	12.24 ± 2.47	7.31 ± 3.09	11.41 ± 2.95	8.18 ± 3.72	5.65 ± 3.03
	60 – 69 (n = 126)	12.98 ± 2.63	7.58 ± 3.12	11.19 ± 3.14	8.23 ± 3.89	5.42 ± 3.00
	70 – 79 (n = 78)	13.99 ± 2.22	8.47 ± 2.90	10.45 ± 3.12	9.29 ± 4.64	4.65 ± 2.12
	≥ 80 (n = 20)	14.00 ± 2.77	8.50 ± 2.72	9.25 ± 3.01	9.30 ± 4.23	4.55 ± 2.14
	One-way ANOVA	P = 0.0002	P = 0.0010	P = 0.0125	P = 0.3212	P = 0.0397

1), 2), 4): Higher scores are better; 3), 5): Lower scores are better.

Data are expressed as mean ± SD.