Table 1.
Characteristics of NESARC participants with mood symptoms at the wave 1 (baseline) interview with incidence and persistence of alcohol dependence at the time of the follow-up interview (wave 2).
Characteristics at baseline |
Incidence of alcohol dependence at follow-upa |
Persistence of alcohol dependence at follow-up |
|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absent | Present | Bivariate logistic regression analyses |
Absent | Present | Bivariate logistic regression analyses |
||||||||
N | % | N | % | OR (95% CI) | p | N | % | N | % | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
Alcohol self-medication of mood: | |||||||||||||
Absent Present |
3,826 169 |
96.4 3.6 |
187 39 |
84.6 15.4 |
1.00 4.81 (3.09-7.49) |
<0.001 |
909 183 |
85.1 14.9 |
236 219 |
51.5 48.5 |
1.00 5.39 (3.98-7.28) |
<0.001 | |
Sex: | Female Male |
2,847 1,148 |
67.8 32.2 |
120 106 |
53.8 46.2 |
1.00 1.81 (1.30-2.52) |
0.001 |
601 491 |
48.0 52.0 |
191 264 |
38.0 62.0 |
1.0 1.50 (1.15-1.96) |
0.003 |
Age (years): | 18-29 30-39 40-54 55+ |
826 948 1,390 831 |
22.1 22.2 35.4 20.4 |
103 47 56 20 |
54.6 15.8 20.8 8.8 |
1.00 0.29 (0.19-0.45) 0.24 (0.16-0.35) 0.18 (0.10-0.32) |
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 |
318 309 335 130 |
30.5 27.1 31.1 11.3 |
168 117 145 25 |
43.9 23.2 28.6 4.3 |
1.0 0.59 (0.42-0.84) 0.64 (0.47-0.88) 0.26 (0.15-0.46) |
0.004 0.006 <0.001 |
Race/ethnicity: | White Black Hispanic Other |
2,716 526 617 136 |
79.7 7.2 8.5 4.6 |
133 39 42 12 |
67.9 14.3 12.3 5.5 |
1.00 2.32 (1.38-3.89) 1.69 (1.05-2.72) 1.40 (0.70-2.79) |
0.002 0.031 0.329 |
781 109 146 56 |
79.3 5.9 8.4 6.4 |
301 58 78 18 |
78.4 6.6 9.3 5.6 |
1.0 1.47 (0.95-2.28) 1.40 (0.91-2.16) 0.63 (0.31-1.28) |
0.080 0.122 0.197 |
Education (years): | <12 12 or GED >12 |
438 1,030 2,527 |
9.9 25.8 64.3 |
39 57 130 |
13.6 24.9 61.5 |
1.00 0.70 (0.40-1.22) 0.69 (0.44-1.09) |
0.209 0.112 |
116 274 702 |
10.7 24.6 64.8 |
78 131 246 |
16.6 30.1 53.4 |
1.0 0.79 (0.50-1.24) 0.53 (0.35-0.80) |
0.295 0.003 |
Drinking patternb: | <Daily Daily/nearly daily |
3,714 281 |
93.0 7.0 |
195 31 |
87.1 12.9 |
1.00 1.95 (1.19-3.20) |
0.009 |
947 145 |
87.3 12.7 |
307 148 |
70.0 30.0 |
1.0 2.97 (2.16-4.08) |
<0.001 |
Drink levelc: | <5 on drinking days ≥5 on drinking days |
3,766 222 |
94.2 5.8 |
180 45 |
81.7 18.3 |
1.00 3.62 (2.36-5.56) |
<0.001 |
865 227 |
78.2 21.8 |
244 207 |
53.0 47.1 |
1.0 3.19 (2.39-4.27) |
<0.001 |
Affective disorderd: | Major depression Mania/hypomania Dysthymia |
1,257 432 324 |
30.6 10.5 7.7 |
91 38 19 |
37.4 16.6 7.8 |
1.35 (0.96-1.90) 1.68 (1.11-2.56) 1.00 (0.51-1.98) |
0.078 0.015 0.989 |
389 199 97 |
33.2 19.0 7.5 |
200 118 53 |
45.7 26.8 11.2 |
1.69 (1.24-2.32) 1.55 (1.13-2.14) 1.54 (0.99-2.39) |
0.001 0.008 0.054 |
Comorbidityd: | Anxiety disorderse Personality disordersf Drug dependenceg Drug abuseh Nicotine dependence |
955 1,554 109 431 695 |
24.0 38.0 2.8 11.4 18.2 |
56 130 17 43 73 |
22.1 55.6 4.9 15.2 32.3 |
0.90 (0.59-1.36) 2.04 (1.46-2.85) 1.81 (0.99-3.30) 1.40 (0.92-2.11) 2.15 (1.51-3.06) |
0.610 <0.001 0.054 0.114 <0.001 |
363 599 186 375 388 |
33.8 54.7 16.4 35.2 36.0 |
162 331 137 207 247 |
37.1 69.1 32.2 45.4 56.1 |
1.16 (0.87-1.54) 1.85 (1.41-2.43) 2.42 (1.77-3.30) 1.53 (1.16-2.01) 2.27 (1.73-2.98) |
0.319 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 |
Family history of alcoholismi: | Absent Present |
2,171 1,821 |
54.3 45.7 |
110 115 |
50.0 50.0 |
1.00 1.19 (0.84-1.68) |
0.316 |
434 656 |
41.6 58.4 |
152 301 |
34.0 66.0 |
1.0 1.39 (1.03-1.87) |
0.034 |
Treatment of mood symptomsj: | None Any |
1,705 2,290 |
41.6 58.4 |
100 126 |
43.6 56.5 |
1.00 0.92 (0.65-1.30) |
0.645 |
496 596 |
47.8 52.2 |
207 248 |
44.5 55.5 |
1.0 1.14 (0.86-1.51) |
0.344 |
At baseline, all participants reported drinking alcohol in the past year but none had a lifetime history of alcohol dependence for the analyses to assess incidence of alcohol dependence. For the analyses involving persistence of dependence, all individuals had a baseline history of alcohol dependence with or without abuse.
Indicates pattern of drinking in the past year.
Indicates the number of alcoholic drinks consumed on drinking days in the past year. There is missing data for 8 participants for the incidence sample, and missing data for 4 participants in the persistence sample.
Diagnostic categories are not mutually exclusive.
Includes 12-month generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.
Includes antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid, obsessive-compulsive, dependent and avoidant personality disorders.
Includes lifetime history of dependence on non-alcohol substances: heroin, other opioids, cocaine, cannabis, stimulants, and/or hallucinogens.
Includes lifetime history of abuse on non-alcohol substances: heroin, other opioids, cocaine, cannabis, stimulants, and/or hallucinogens.
There is missing data for 4 participants for both the incidence and persistence samples.
Indicates any lifetime treatment history of mood symptoms including outpatient therapy, medication treatment and/or inpatient hospitalization.