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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 2.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Jul;70(7):718–726. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1098

Table 1.

Characteristics of NESARC participants with mood symptoms at the wave 1 (baseline) interview with incidence and persistence of alcohol dependence at the time of the follow-up interview (wave 2).

Characteristics at baseline Incidence
of alcohol dependence at follow-upa
Persistence
of alcohol dependence at follow-up
Absent Present Bivariate logistic
regression analyses
Absent Present Bivariate logistic
regression analyses
N % N % OR (95% CI) p N % N % OR (95% CI) p
Alcohol self-medication of mood:
Absent
Present
3,826
169
96.4
3.6
187
39
84.6
15.4
1.00
4.81 (3.09-7.49)

<0.001
909
183
85.1
14.9
236
219
51.5
48.5
1.00
5.39 (3.98-7.28)
<0.001
Sex: Female
Male
2,847
1,148
67.8
32.2
120
106
53.8
46.2
1.00
1.81 (1.30-2.52)

0.001
601
491
48.0
52.0
191
264
38.0
62.0
1.0
1.50 (1.15-1.96)
0.003
Age (years): 18-29
30-39
40-54
55+
826
948
1,390
831
22.1
22.2
35.4
20.4
103
47
56
20
54.6
15.8
20.8
8.8
1.00
0.29 (0.19-0.45)
0.24 (0.16-0.35)
0.18 (0.10-0.32)

<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
318
309
335
130
30.5
27.1
31.1
11.3
168
117
145
25
43.9
23.2
28.6
4.3
1.0
0.59 (0.42-0.84)
0.64 (0.47-0.88)
0.26 (0.15-0.46)

0.004
0.006
<0.001
Race/ethnicity: White
Black
Hispanic
Other
2,716
526
617
136
79.7
7.2
8.5
4.6
133
39
42
12
67.9
14.3
12.3
5.5
1.00
2.32 (1.38-3.89)
1.69 (1.05-2.72)
1.40 (0.70-2.79)

0.002
0.031
0.329
781
109
146
56
79.3
5.9
8.4
6.4
301
58
78
18
78.4
6.6
9.3
5.6
1.0
1.47 (0.95-2.28)
1.40 (0.91-2.16)
0.63 (0.31-1.28)

0.080
0.122
0.197
Education (years): <12
12 or GED
>12
438
1,030
2,527
9.9
25.8
64.3
39
57
130
13.6
24.9
61.5
1.00
0.70 (0.40-1.22)
0.69 (0.44-1.09)

0.209
0.112
116
274
702
10.7
24.6
64.8
78
131
246
16.6
30.1
53.4
1.0
0.79 (0.50-1.24)
0.53 (0.35-0.80)

0.295
0.003
Drinking patternb: <Daily
Daily/nearly daily
3,714
281
93.0
7.0
195
31
87.1
12.9
1.00
1.95 (1.19-3.20)

0.009
947
145
87.3
12.7
307
148
70.0
30.0
1.0
2.97 (2.16-4.08)

<0.001
Drink levelc: <5 on drinking days
≥5 on drinking days
3,766
222
94.2
5.8
180
45
81.7
18.3
1.00
3.62 (2.36-5.56)

<0.001
865
227
78.2
21.8
244
207
53.0
47.1
1.0
3.19 (2.39-4.27)

<0.001
Affective disorderd: Major depression
Mania/hypomania
Dysthymia
1,257
432
324
30.6
10.5
7.7
91
38
19
37.4
16.6
7.8
1.35 (0.96-1.90)
1.68 (1.11-2.56)
1.00 (0.51-1.98)
0.078
0.015
0.989
389
199
97
33.2
19.0
7.5
200
118
53
45.7
26.8
11.2
1.69 (1.24-2.32)
1.55 (1.13-2.14)
1.54 (0.99-2.39)
0.001
0.008
0.054
Comorbidityd: Anxiety disorderse
Personality disordersf
Drug dependenceg
Drug abuseh
Nicotine dependence
955
1,554
109
431
695
24.0
38.0
2.8
11.4
18.2
56
130
17
43
73
22.1
55.6
4.9
15.2
32.3
0.90 (0.59-1.36)
2.04 (1.46-2.85)
1.81 (0.99-3.30)
1.40 (0.92-2.11)
2.15 (1.51-3.06)
0.610
<0.001
0.054
0.114
<0.001
363
599
186
375
388
33.8
54.7
16.4
35.2
36.0
162
331
137
207
247
37.1
69.1
32.2
45.4
56.1
1.16 (0.87-1.54)
1.85 (1.41-2.43)
2.42 (1.77-3.30)
1.53 (1.16-2.01)
2.27 (1.73-2.98)
0.319
<0.001
<0.001
0.003
<0.001
Family history of alcoholismi: Absent
Present
2,171
1,821
54.3
45.7
110
115
50.0
50.0
1.00
1.19 (0.84-1.68)

0.316
434
656
41.6
58.4
152
301
34.0
66.0
1.0
1.39 (1.03-1.87)

0.034
Treatment of mood symptomsj: None
Any
1,705
2,290
41.6
58.4
100
126
43.6
56.5
1.00
0.92 (0.65-1.30)

0.645
496
596
47.8
52.2
207
248
44.5
55.5
1.0
1.14 (0.86-1.51)

0.344
a

At baseline, all participants reported drinking alcohol in the past year but none had a lifetime history of alcohol dependence for the analyses to assess incidence of alcohol dependence. For the analyses involving persistence of dependence, all individuals had a baseline history of alcohol dependence with or without abuse.

b

Indicates pattern of drinking in the past year.

c

Indicates the number of alcoholic drinks consumed on drinking days in the past year. There is missing data for 8 participants for the incidence sample, and missing data for 4 participants in the persistence sample.

d

Diagnostic categories are not mutually exclusive.

e

Includes 12-month generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.

f

Includes antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid, obsessive-compulsive, dependent and avoidant personality disorders.

g

Includes lifetime history of dependence on non-alcohol substances: heroin, other opioids, cocaine, cannabis, stimulants, and/or hallucinogens.

h

Includes lifetime history of abuse on non-alcohol substances: heroin, other opioids, cocaine, cannabis, stimulants, and/or hallucinogens.

i

There is missing data for 4 participants for both the incidence and persistence samples.

j

Indicates any lifetime treatment history of mood symptoms including outpatient therapy, medication treatment and/or inpatient hospitalization.

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