Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 2.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Jul;70(7):718–726. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1098

Table 1.

Characteristics of NESARC participants with mood symptoms at the wave 1 (baseline) interview with incidence and persistence of alcohol dependence at the time of the follow-up interview (wave 2).

Characteristics at baseline Incidence
of alcohol dependence at follow-upa 		Persistence
of alcohol dependence at follow-up
Absent Present Bivariate logistic
regression analyses		 Absent Present Bivariate logistic
regression analyses
N % N % OR (95% CI) p N % N % OR (95% CI) p
Alcohol self-medication of mood:
Absent
Present		 3,826
169		 96.4
3.6		 187
39		 84.6
15.4		 1.00
4.81 (3.09-7.49)
<0.001		 909
183		 85.1
14.9		 236
219		 51.5
48.5		 1.00
5.39 (3.98-7.28)		 <0.001
Sex: Female
Male		 2,847
1,148		 67.8
32.2		 120
106		 53.8
46.2		 1.00
1.81 (1.30-2.52)
0.001		 601
491		 48.0
52.0		 191
264		 38.0
62.0		 1.0
1.50 (1.15-1.96)		 0.003
Age (years): 18-29
30-39
40-54
55+		 826
948
1,390
831		 22.1
22.2
35.4
20.4		 103
47
56
20		 54.6
15.8
20.8
8.8		 1.00
0.29 (0.19-0.45)
0.24 (0.16-0.35)
0.18 (0.10-0.32)
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001		 318
309
335
130		 30.5
27.1
31.1
11.3		 168
117
145
25		 43.9
23.2
28.6
4.3		 1.0
0.59 (0.42-0.84)
0.64 (0.47-0.88)
0.26 (0.15-0.46)
0.004
0.006
<0.001
Race/ethnicity: White
Black
Hispanic
Other		 2,716
526
617
136		 79.7
7.2
8.5
4.6		 133
39
42
12		 67.9
14.3
12.3
5.5		 1.00
2.32 (1.38-3.89)
1.69 (1.05-2.72)
1.40 (0.70-2.79)
0.002
0.031
0.329		 781
109
146
56		 79.3
5.9
8.4
6.4		 301
58
78
18		 78.4
6.6
9.3
5.6		 1.0
1.47 (0.95-2.28)
1.40 (0.91-2.16)
0.63 (0.31-1.28)
0.080
0.122
0.197
Education (years): <12
12 or GED
>12		 438
1,030
2,527		 9.9
25.8
64.3		 39
57
130		 13.6
24.9
61.5		 1.00
0.70 (0.40-1.22)
0.69 (0.44-1.09)
0.209
0.112		 116
274
702		 10.7
24.6
64.8		 78
131
246		 16.6
30.1
53.4		 1.0
0.79 (0.50-1.24)
0.53 (0.35-0.80)
0.295
0.003
Drinking patternb: <Daily
Daily/nearly daily		 3,714
281		 93.0
7.0		 195
31		 87.1
12.9		 1.00
1.95 (1.19-3.20)
0.009		 947
145		 87.3
12.7		 307
148		 70.0
30.0		 1.0
2.97 (2.16-4.08)
<0.001
Drink levelc: <5 on drinking days
≥5 on drinking days		 3,766
222		 94.2
5.8		 180
45		 81.7
18.3		 1.00
3.62 (2.36-5.56)
<0.001		 865
227		 78.2
21.8		 244
207		 53.0
47.1		 1.0
3.19 (2.39-4.27)
<0.001
Affective disorderd: Major depression
Mania/hypomania
Dysthymia		 1,257
432
324		 30.6
10.5
7.7		 91
38
19		 37.4
16.6
7.8		 1.35 (0.96-1.90)
1.68 (1.11-2.56)
1.00 (0.51-1.98)		 0.078
0.015
0.989		 389
199
97		 33.2
19.0
7.5		 200
118
53		 45.7
26.8
11.2		 1.69 (1.24-2.32)
1.55 (1.13-2.14)
1.54 (0.99-2.39)		 0.001
0.008
0.054
Comorbidityd: Anxiety disorderse
Personality disordersf
Drug dependenceg
Drug abuseh
Nicotine dependence		 955
1,554
109
431
695		 24.0
38.0
2.8
11.4
18.2		 56
130
17
43
73		 22.1
55.6
4.9
15.2
32.3		 0.90 (0.59-1.36)
2.04 (1.46-2.85)
1.81 (0.99-3.30)
1.40 (0.92-2.11)
2.15 (1.51-3.06)		 0.610
<0.001
0.054
0.114
<0.001		 363
599
186
375
388		 33.8
54.7
16.4
35.2
36.0		 162
331
137
207
247		 37.1
69.1
32.2
45.4
56.1		 1.16 (0.87-1.54)
1.85 (1.41-2.43)
2.42 (1.77-3.30)
1.53 (1.16-2.01)
2.27 (1.73-2.98)		 0.319
<0.001
<0.001
0.003
<0.001
Family history of alcoholismi: Absent
Present		 2,171
1,821		 54.3
45.7		 110
115		 50.0
50.0		 1.00
1.19 (0.84-1.68)
0.316		 434
656		 41.6
58.4		 152
301		 34.0
66.0		 1.0
1.39 (1.03-1.87)
0.034
Treatment of mood symptomsj: None
Any		 1,705
2,290		 41.6
58.4		 100
126		 43.6
56.5		 1.00
0.92 (0.65-1.30)
0.645		 496
596		 47.8
52.2		 207
248		 44.5
55.5		 1.0
1.14 (0.86-1.51)
0.344
a

At baseline, all participants reported drinking alcohol in the past year but none had a lifetime history of alcohol dependence for the analyses to assess incidence of alcohol dependence. For the analyses involving persistence of dependence, all individuals had a baseline history of alcohol dependence with or without abuse.

b

Indicates pattern of drinking in the past year.

c

Indicates the number of alcoholic drinks consumed on drinking days in the past year. There is missing data for 8 participants for the incidence sample, and missing data for 4 participants in the persistence sample.

d

Diagnostic categories are not mutually exclusive.

e

Includes 12-month generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.

f

Includes antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid, obsessive-compulsive, dependent and avoidant personality disorders.

g

Includes lifetime history of dependence on non-alcohol substances: heroin, other opioids, cocaine, cannabis, stimulants, and/or hallucinogens.

h

Includes lifetime history of abuse on non-alcohol substances: heroin, other opioids, cocaine, cannabis, stimulants, and/or hallucinogens.

i

There is missing data for 4 participants for both the incidence and persistence samples.

j

Indicates any lifetime treatment history of mood symptoms including outpatient therapy, medication treatment and/or inpatient hospitalization.

HHS Vulnerability Disclosure