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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 2.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Jul;70(7):718–726. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1098

Table 2.

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for baseline self-medication drinking with incident and persistent alcohol dependence at follow-up among the total study sample of participants with mood symptoms and among demographic and treatment related subsets.

Association of Self-medication Drinking with Alcohol Dependence Outcomes
Incident Alcohol Dependence Persistent Alcohol Dependence
Unadjusted Adjusteda Unadjusted Adjusteda
OR 95% CI p AOR 95% CI p OR 95% CI p AOR 95% CI p
Total sample 4.81 3.09-7.49 <0.001 3.10 1.55-6.19 0.002 5.39 3.98-7.28 <0.001 3.45 2.35-5.08 <0.001
Stratified samples (analyses completed separately for each subgroup)b
Sex strata
  Female
  Male
4.36
4.70
2.20-8.62
2.56-8.60
<0.001
<0.001
3.14
3.01
1.28-7.72
1.40-6.45
0.013
0.005
5.33
5.30
3.48-8.16
3.53-7.96
<0.001
<0.001
2.68
4.31
1.55-4.61
2.53-7.35
0.001
<0.001
Age strata (years)
  18-29
  30-39
  40-54
  55+c
2.98
3.72
5.54
13.32
1.53-5.80
1.38-10.01
2.26-13.60
3.66-48.49
0.002
0.010
<0.001
<0.001
2.86
1.78
3.56
3.38
1.14-7.21
0.48-6.64
1.16-10.87
0.62-18.34
0.026
0.385
0.027
0.154
4.87
4.02
7.86
4.50
2.92-8.13
2.15-7.52
4.68-13.20
1.37-14.80
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.015
2.52
2.82
5.58
3.82
1.46-4.35
1.38-5.75
2.57-12.13
1.04-14.00
0.001
0.006
<0.001
0.044
Race/ethnicity strata
  Non-Hispanic white
  Non-Hispanic black
  Hispanic
5.35
2.41
4.41
3.05-9.38
0.76-7.57
1.35-14.46
<0.001
0.128
0.016
2.45
2.87
3.44
1.07-5.58
0.80-10.22
0.78-15.20
0.034
0.101
0.099
5.80
5.98
2.11
4.06-8.27
2.27-15.79
0.80-5.59
<0.001
0.001
0.124
3.16
6.34
1.97
2.07-4.84
2.21-18.23
0.39-9.92
<0.001
0.002
0.392
12-month mood disorder stratad
  Met criteria
  Did not meet criteria
3.12
8.14
1.78-5.46
4.04-16.43
<0.001
<0.001
1.98
3.88
0.96-4.07
1.63-9.26
0.064
0.003
5.77
5.15
3.30-10.11
3.44-7.69
<0.001
<0.001
4.32
2.91
2.22-8.42
1.88-4.51
<0.001
<0.001
Treatment history strata for mood symptomse
  No treatment
  Any treatment
2.01
7.46
0.84-4.78
4.23-13.16
0.113
<0.001
1.97
3.94
0.50-7.76
1.82-8.53
0.326
0.001
4.46
6.23
2.76-7.21
4.23-9.16
<0.001
<0.001
2.18
4.81
1.27-3.74
2.91-7.94
0.006
<0.001
a

The estimates were adjusted by inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). In addition, the regression analyses adjusted for the variables in the table. For the analyses assessing alcohol self-medication with incidence of dependence, the analyses were limited to 3,787 (221 with and 3,566 without incident alcohol dependence) whose propensity scores fell in the common support range. For the analyses assessing alcohol self-medication with persistence of dependence, the analyses were limited to 1,485 (447 with and 1,038 without persistent dependence) whose propensity scores fell in the common support range.

b

Analyses were completed separately for each stratum or subgroup. For example, in sex-stratified analyses, models were completed separately for males and females.

c

Odds ratios for this age range should be interpreted with caution as they are based on 18 individuals with incident dependence in this age group.

d

The odds ratios were statistically different in the unadjusted model assessing incidence of alcohol dependence (F[1, 65]=4.55, p=0.037).

e

The odds ratios were statistically different in the unadjusted model assessing incidence of alcohol dependence (F[1, 65]=6.38, p=0.014). The odds ratios were statistically different in the adjusted model assessing persistence of alcohol dependence (F[1, 61]=4.95, p=0.030).

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