. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2013 Jul 29;85(2):513–531. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12132

Table 4.

Logistic Regression Parameter Estimates for Associations Between Child Cognitive Disability and Type of Caregiver Discipline

Country	Nonviolent Discipline		Psychological Aggression		Physical Violence		Need to Punish Physically
	Wald χ²	OR	Wald χ²	OR	Wald χ²	OR	Wald χ²	OR
Albania	.18	1.18	.02	1.05	.05	1.05	.58	.59
Belize	.94	1.65	3.57	1.66	.17	1.12	.76	1.29
Bosnia – Herzegovina	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Cameroon	.13	1.07	.04	.96	.01	.98	2.51	.77
Central African Republic	.28	.92	.04	.98	.53	.92	.06	.97
Djibouti	.69	1.15	2.44	1.22	.25	.94	1.74	.82
Georgia	16.50	.45^***	14.23	.50^***	12.35	.52^***	6.37	.42^*
Ghana	1.18	1.31	.13	1.09	.30	1.12	1.35	1.26
Iraq	5.74	.62^*	13.75	.62^***	.39	.93	2.39	.77
Jamaica	.22	.85	1.59	.83	.16	1.13	.05	.95
Laos	.61	.83	.01	1.02	4.79	1.55^*	25.71	3.07^***
Macedonia	.03	.96	.20	1.08	.51	.89	.00	1.02
Montenegro	.44	1.91	.35	.77	.09	.87	.00	.96
Serbia	5.30	.62^*	1.94	1.28	.42	1.12	13.05	2.20^***
Sierra Leone	.00	.99	.33	1.08	2.94	.81	3.59	.77
Suriname	.38	.81	6.21	1.81^*	5.07	1.53^*	.05	.95
Yemen	2.52	1.93	.27	.87	.00	.99	.05	1.05

Note. n/a = data not available. OR = Odds ratio for Cognitive disability x Country interaction. Odds ratios > 1.00 indicate that caregivers of children with cognitive disabilities are more likely than the grand mean across countries to report the use of the respective type of discipline. Odds ratios < 1.00 indicate that caregivers of children with cognitive disabilities are less likely than the grand mean across countries to report the use of the respective type of discipline. Results from models including interactions are given in the text.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.