Table 8.

Correlations between the Human Development Index and Disability and Type of Discipline

Measure	HDI	Life Expectancy Index	Education Index	Literacy	Schooling	GDP Index
Disability Indices
Cognitive composite	.16	.17	.15	.19	.02	.15
Language composite	−.43	−.43	−.45	−.37	−.53*	−.34
Sensory composite	−.24	−.17	−.33	−.39	−.13	−.18
Motor composite	−.50	−.46	−.57*	−.61**	−.38	−.42
Discipline Type
Non-violent punishment	.22	.21	.08	.01	.28	.30
Psychological aggression	−.54*	-.58*	−.53*	−.60*	−.27	-.48
Physical punishment	−.53*	−.54*	−.55*	−.61**	−.33	−.45
Severe physical	−.61*	−.62**	−.59*	−.55*	−.55*	−.56*
punishment
Need to punish	−.30	−.25	−.35	−.37	−.24	−.19

Note. N = 16–17 countries.

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01