Fig. 1.

Sampling locations in northern Mesopotamia and the Levant and chronology of barley grains providing δ¹³C measurements. Note that the only sites listed are those that appear in the map section: (site 1) Abu Hamid, (site 2) Ain Rahub, (site 6) Dilkaya Höyük, (site 7) Emar, (site 9) Hirbet ez-Zeraqon, (site 11) Kamid el-Loz, (site 12) Kinet Höyük, (site 13) Mashnaqa, (site 14) Mezraa Teleilat Höyük, (site 16) Qubur al-Walayida, (site 17) Tell Shioukh Faouqani, (site 18) Shir, (site 19) Tell esh-Shuna, (site 20) Tell Atchana, (site 21) Tell Atij, (site 22) Tell Beydar III, (site 23) Tell Fadous, (site 24) Tell Halaf, (site 25) Tell Kerma, (site 26) Tell Kuran, (site 27) Tell Raqa'i, (site 28) Tell Tawila, (site 29) Tell Tweini, (site 31) Umm Qseir, (site 33) Tell 'el Abd, (site 34) Qatna, (site 35) Tell Mozan, (site 36) Ziyade, (site 37) Chagar Bazar, (site 38) Zebdani (GPS_152), (site 39) GPS_17, (site 42) Tell Snan (GPS_437), (site 43) Summakiak (GPS_50), (site 44) Membij (GPS_629), (site 45) Tell Abyad (GPS_755), (site 46) Tell Brak (GPS_828), (site 48) Malhat ed Deru, (site 51) Tell Bderi, (site 52) Tell Leilan, and (site 53) Tel Burna. Please note that some of the archaeological sites have been sampled only for modern control δ¹³C. For details on the sites and samples, see Table S1.