Figure 4.

Piperlongumine treatment induces cell death in cancer cells but not in normal cells. Normal human cells (N), including aortic endothelial cells (PAE), breast epithelial cells (76N), keratinocytes (HKC) and skin fibroblasts (HDF), as well as two immortalized breast epithelial cell lines (184B5 and MCF 10A), were grown in 12-well or 24-well plates and treated with piperlongumine at 1–15 μM for 24 h. A variety of human cancer cell lines (Tu) were also treated with piperlongumine or DMSO (control) for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was measured by trypan blue exclusion staining (average of three independent experiments) (reproduced with permission from ref. 14).