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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 2.
Published in final edited form as: Stem Cells. 2009 Aug;27(8):1772–1781. doi: 10.1002/stem.107

Figure 7. Hypoxia reduces PARP1/AIF-mediated cell death.

Figure 7

(a) Western blot showing reduced levels of PAR in hESCs neuralized in 3% O2 compared to standard normoxic (20 % O2) conditions. (b) AIF immunodetection (red) showing that low oxygen tension (3% O2) decreases the number of cells showing nuclear AIF (pink color, overlapping red and blue channels) compared to 20% O2. Scale bar = 100 µm. (c) Quantification of AIF nuclear translocation in reported conditions. *P<0.05. (d) Model of PARP1-mediated cell death during hESCs neuralization. Early phases of hESC neuralization are characterized by increased mitochondrial respiration, ROS production and PARP1 expression, which, coupled to lower expression of ROS-detoxifying enzymes, results in a sustained, cytotoxic PARP1/AIF activation.