TABLE 3—
Incidence Rate Ratios for Outdoor and Indoor Falls, by Participant Walking Habits: MOBILIZE Boston Study; Boston, MA; September 2005–December 2009
| Outdoor Falls |
Indoor Falls |
|||||
| Walking Habit | No. | Crude IRR (95% CI) | Adjusteda IRR (95% CI) | No. | Crude IRR (95% CI) | Adjusteda IRR (95% CI) |
| Walk outside ≥ 3/wk | ||||||
| No (Ref) | 502 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 502 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 256 | 1.53 (1.19, 1.97) | 1.17 (0.93, 1.46) | 256 | 0.76 (0.59, 0.98) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.09) |
| Any utilitarian walking | ||||||
| No (Ref) | 408 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 408 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 342 | 1.55 (1.22, 1.98) | 1.32 (1.07, 1.64) | 342 | 0.75 (0.59, 0.96) | 0.81 (0.65, 1.01) |
| Any recreational walking | ||||||
| No (Ref) | 319 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 319 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 433 | 1.29 (1.01, 1.66) | 1.07 (0.86, 1.34) | 433 | 0.77 (0.61, 0.98) | 0.84 (0.67, 1.04) |
| No. blocks walked/wk | ||||||
| < 2 (Ref) | 112 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 112 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2–9 | 148 | 1.45 (0.91, 2.32) | 0.99 (0.63, 1.56) | 148 | 0.83 (0.56, 1.23) | 0.92 (0.64, 1.32) |
| 10–24 | 173 | 2.50 (1.60, 3.89) | 1.36 (0.88, 2.09) | 173 | 0.76 (0.52, 1.12) | 0.79 (0.55, 1.12) |
| 25–74 | 164 | 2.19 (1.40, 3.43) | 1.17 (0.76, 1.81) | 164 | 0.54 (0.36, 0.80) | 0.72 (0.50, 1.04) |
| ≥ 75 | 137 | 2.67 (1.68, 4.23) | 1.28 (0.82, 1.99) | 137 | 0.43 (0.28, 0.66) | 0.63 (0.43, 0.94) |
| How often walk outside | ||||||
| Never (Ref) | 114 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 114 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Seldom | 174 | 1.31 (0.84, 2.03) | 1.30 (0.87, 1.93) | 174 | 1.04 (0.70, 1.54) | 0.98 (0.69, 1.40) |
| Sometimes | 213 | 1.78 (1.17, 2.70) | 1.41 (0.97, 2.05) | 213 | 0.95 (0.65, 1.39) | 1.07 (0.76, 1.51) |
| Often | 256 | 2.21 (1.48, 3.32) | 1.50 (1.04, 2.16) | 256 | 0.75 (0.52, 1.10) | 0.89 (0.63, 1.25) |
| How often utilitarian walk | ||||||
| Never (Ref) | 408 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 408 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < 1 time/wk | 128 | 1.51 (1.08, 2.11) | 1.33 (0.99, 1.80) | 128 | 0.74 (0.52, 1.03) | 0.78 (0.57, 1.06) |
| 1 or 2 times/wk | 109 | 1.35 (0.95, 1.93) | 1.20 (0.88, 1.64) | 109 | 0.86 (0.61, 1.21) | 0.91 (0.66, 1.24) |
| ≥ 3 times/wk | 105 | 1.83 (1.30, 2.59) | 1.45 (1.08, 1.96) | 105 | 0.65 (0.45, 0.93) | 0.75 (0.54, 1.04) |
| How often recreation walk | ||||||
| Never (Ref) | 319 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 319 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < 1 time/wk | 116 | 1.34 (0.93, 1.92) | 1.15 (0.83, 1.57) | 116 | 0.88 (0.62, 1.26) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.30) |
| 1 or 2 times/wk | 144 | 1.23 (0.88, 1.72) | 1.19 (0.89, 1.60) | 144 | 0.79 (0.57, 1.10) | 0.91 (0.68, 1.22) |
| ≥ 3 times/wk | 172 | 1.30 (0.95, 1.79) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.22) | 172 | 0.68 (0.50, 0.93) | 0.69 (0.52, 0.93) |
| Walker group | ||||||
| Nonwalker (Ref) | 228 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 228 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Recreational walker | 180 | 1.41 (1.00, 1.99) | 1.17 (0.86, 1.60) | 180 | 0.84 (0.61, 1.16) | 0.90 (0.67, 1.20) |
| Utilitarian walker | 91 | 1.95 (1.29, 2.95) | 1.66 (1.15, 2.39) | 91 | 0.82 (0.55, 1.23) | 0.87 (0.61, 1.25) |
| Dual walker | 251 | 1.79 (1.31, 2.45) | 1.35 (1.02, 1.79) | 251 | 0.65 (0.48, 0.88) | 0.74 (0.56, 0.97) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; IRR = incidence rate ratio.
Adjusted for a composite score predicted from the following personal characteristics: age, sex, race, education level, self-rated health, bodily pain, alcohol consumption, body mass index, activities of daily life ability, short physical performance battery, balance, gait speed, strength to rise from a chair, knee osteoarthritis, foot pain, peripheral neuropathy, number of comorbidities, poor vision, illness causing reduced activity in past year, Mini-Mental State Exam score, depression, number of medications, use of psychotropic medication, number of falls in year before baseline, falls efficacy, and flights of stairs in the home.