TABLE 2—
Birth Prevalence with 95% Confidence Intervals for 27 Birth Defects Among Major Maternal Racial/Ethnic Groups: Data From 12 Population-Based Surveillance Systems, United States, 1999–2007
| Total |
Non-Hispanic White |
Non-Hispanic Black |
Hispanic |
Non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander |
Non-Hispanic AI/AN |
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| Birth Defect | No. | Prevalence (95% CI) | No. | Prevalence (95% CI) | No. | Prevalence (95% CI) | No. | Prevalence (95% CI) | No. | Prevalence (95% CI) | No. | Prevalence (95% CI) |
| Central nervous system | ||||||||||||
| Anencephalus | 1756 | 1.30 (1.24, 1.36) | 714 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) | 212 | 1.07 (0.93, 1.22) | 765 | 2.03 (1.89, 2.18) | 51 | 0.99 (0.73, 1.30) | 14 | 1.52 (0.83, 2.55) |
| Spina bifida without anencephalus | 4295 | 3.17 (3.08, 3.27) | 2224 | 3.09 (2.96, 3.22) | 541 | 2.73 (2.50, 2.97) | 1430 | 3.80 (3.60, 4.00) | 63 | 1.22 (0.94, 1.56) | 37 | 4.02 (2.83, 5.54) |
| Encephalocele | 1051 | 0.78 (0.73, 0.82) | 444 | 0.62 (0.56, 0.68) | 219 | 1.10 (0.96, 1.26) | 352 | 0.94 (0.84, 1.04) | 23 | 0.44 (0.28, 0.67) | 13 | 1.41 (0.75, 2.41) |
| Ear | ||||||||||||
| Anotia/microtia | 2295 | 1.69 (1.62, 1.76) | 843 | 1.17 (1.09, 1.25) | 144 | 0.73 (0.61, 0.85) | 1178 | 3.13 (2.95, 3.31) | 87 | 1.68 (1.35, 2.08) | 43 | 4.67 (3.38, 6.29) |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||||||||
| Common truncus | 995 | 0.73 (0.69, 0.78) | 547 | 0.76 (0.70, 0.83) | 164 | 0.83 (0.71, 0.96) | 261 | 0.69 (0.61, 0.78) | 12 | 0.23 (0.12, 0.41) | 11 | 1.19 (0.60, 2.14) |
| Transposition of great arteries | 4600 | 3.39 (3.30, 3.49) | 2602 | 3.62 (3.48, 3.76) | 596 | 3.00 (2.77, 3.26) | 1202 | 3.19 (3.01, 3.38) | 172 | 3.33 (2.85, 3.86) | 28 | 3.04 (2.02, 4.39) |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 5412 | 3.99 (3.89, 4.10) | 2923 | 4.06 (3.92, 4.21) | 938 | 4.73 (4.43, 5.04) | 1292 | 3.43 (3.25, 3.62) | 216 | 4.18 (3.64, 4.77) | 43 | 4.67 (3.38, 6.29) |
| Atrioventricular septal defecta | 4926 | 3.72 (3.61, 3.82) | 2725 | 3.85 (3.71, 4.00) | 885 | 4.48 (4.19, 4.79) | 1165 | 3.21 (3.03, 3.40) | 127 | 2.50 (2.08, 2.97) | 24 | 3.23 (2.07, 4.81) |
| Atrioventricular septal defect without DSa | 2397 | 1.81 (1.74, 1.88) | 1187 | 1.68 (1.58, 1.78) | 458 | 2.32 (2.11, 2.54) | 667 | 1.84 (1.70, 1.98) | 69 | 1.36 (1.06, 1.72) | 16 | 2.16 (1.23, 3.50) |
| Aortic valve stenosis | 2726 | 2.01 (1.94, 2.09) | 1712 | 2.38 (2.27, 2.49) | 230 | 1.16 (1.01, 1.32) | 697 | 1.85 (1.72, 1.99) | 65 | 1.26 (0.97, 1.60) | 22 | 2.39 (1.50, 3.62) |
| Hypoplastic left heart | 3192 | 2.36 (2.27, 2.44) | 1839 | 2.56 (2.44, 2.68) | 518 | 2.61 (2.39, 2.85) | 755 | 2.01 (1.87, 2.15) | 62 | 1.20 (0.92, 1.54) | 18 | 1.95 (1.16, 3.09) |
| Coarctation of the aorta | 6576 | 4.85 (4.74, 4.97) | 3861 | 5.37 (5.20, 5.54) | 793 | 4.00 (3.72, 4.29) | 1722 | 4.57 (4.36, 4.80) | 148 | 2.86 (2.42, 3.36) | 52 | 5.65 (4.22, 7.41) |
| Orofacial | ||||||||||||
| Cleft palate w/out cleft lip | 7685 | 5.67 (5.54, 5.80) | 4573 | 6.36 (6.17, 6.54) | 831 | 4.19 (3.91, 4.48) | 1938 | 5.15 (4.92, 5.38) | 283 | 5.47 (4.85, 6.15) | 60 | 6.52 (4.97, 8.39) |
| Cleft lip +/− cleft palate | 12 601 | 9.30 (9.14, 9.46) | 6955 | 9.67 (9.44, 9.90) | 1189 | 5.99 (5.66, 6.34) | 3852 | 10.23 (9.91, 10.56) | 420 | 8.12 (7.36, 8.94) | 185 | 20.09 (17.30, 23.20) |
| Gastrointestinal | ||||||||||||
| Esophageal atresia | 3219 | 2.38 (2.29, 2.46) | 1948 | 2.71 (2.59, 2.83) | 382 | 1.93 (1.74, 2.13) | 792 | 2.10 (1.96, 2.26) | 73 | 1.41 (1.11, 1.78) | 24 | 2.61 (1.67, 3.88) |
| Pyloric stenosisa | 21 670 | 16.34 (16.13, 16.56) | 12 943 | 18.30 (17.99, 18.62) | 1707 | 8.65 (8.24, 9.07) | 6686 | 18.41 (17.97, 18.86) | 216 | 4.25 (3.70, 4.85) | 118 | 15.90 (13.16, 19.04) |
| Rectal and large intestinal atresiaa | 5664 | 4.27 (4.16, 4.38) | 2989 | 4.23 (4.08, 4.38) | 730 | 3.70 (3.44, 3.98) | 1707 | 4.70 (4.48, 4.93) | 212 | 4.17 (3.63, 4.77) | 26 | 3.50 (2.29, 5.13) |
| Genitourinary: hypospadiasa,b | 39 711 | 58.54 (57.97, 59.12) | 26 171 | 72.17 (71.29, 73.04) | 5696 | 56.77 (55.31, 58.27) | 6505 | 35.09 (34.24, 35.95) | 1188 | 45.36 (42.82, 48.02) | 151 | 40.04 (33.91, 46.96) |
| Musculoskeletal | ||||||||||||
| Upper limb deficiency | 3860 | 2.85 (2.76, 2.94) | 1985 | 2.76 (2.64, 2.88) | 564 | 2.84 (2.61, 3.09) | 1170 | 3.11 (2.93, 3.29) | 101 | 1.95 (1.59, 2.37) | 40 | 4.34 (3.10, 5.91) |
| Lower limb deficiency | 2107 | 1.55 (1.49, 1.62) | 1079 | 1.50 (1.41, 1.59) | 372 | 1.88 (1.69, 2.08) | 579 | 1.54 (1.42, 1.67) | 53 | 1.03 (0.77, 1.34) | 24 | 2.61 (1.67, 3.88) |
| Any limb deficiency | 5557 | 4.10 (3.99, 4.21) | 2898 | 4.03 (3.88, 4.18) | 860 | 4.34 (4.05, 4.64) | 1600 | 4.25 (4.04, 4.46) | 144 | 2.79 (2.35, 3.28) | 55 | 5.97 (4.50, 7.77) |
| Diaphragmatic hernia | 3435 | 2.53 (2.45, 2.62) | 1791 | 2.49 (2.38, 2.61) | 477 | 2.40 (2.19, 2.63) | 1026 | 2.73 (2.56, 2.90) | 114 | 2.20 (1.82, 2.65) | 27 | 2.93 (1.93, 4.27) |
| Gastroschisisc | 4130 | 3.34 (3.23, 3.44) | 1967 | 3.10 (2.97, 3.24) | 414 | 2.33 (2.11, 2.56) | 1617 | 4.38 (4.16, 4.59) | 73 | 1.52 (1.19, 1.91) | 59 | 6.85 (5.22, 8.84) |
| Omphaloceled | 1617 | 1.55 (1.47, 1.62) | 795 | 1.47 (1.37, 1.58) | 259 | 1.91 (1.68, 2.15) | 515 | 1.61 (1.48, 1.76) | 37 | 0.86 (0.60, 1.18) | 11 | 1.36 (0.68, 2.44) |
| Chromosomal | ||||||||||||
| Down syndrome | 17 006 | 12.55 (12.36, 12.74) | 9024 | 12.54 (12.28, 12.80) | 2127 | 10.72 (10.27, 11.19) | 5205 | 13.83 (13.45, 14.21) | 540 | 10.44 (9.58, 11.36) | 110 | 11.95 (9.82, 14.40) |
| Trisomy 13 | 1264 | 0.93 (0.88, 0.99) | 640 | 0.89 (0.82, 0.96) | 217 | 1.09 (0.95, 1.25) | 356 | 0.95 (0.85, 1.05) | 41 | 0.79 (0.57, 1.08) | 10 | 1.09 (0.52, 2.00) |
| Trisomy 18 | 2404 | 1.77 (1.70, 1.85) | 1168 | 1.62 (1.53, 1.72) | 458 | 2.31 (2.10, 2.53) | 673 | 1.79 (1.66, 1.93) | 79 | 1.53 (1.21, 1.90) | 26 | 2.82 (1.84, 4.14) |
Note. AI/AN = American Indian/Alaska Native; CI = confidence interval; DS = Down syndrome; +/− = with or without. Prevalence is the number of cases per 10 000 live births. Total for 12 states does not include mothers of unknown race/ethnicity. Whites, Blacks, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and American Indians/Alaska Natives are non-Hispanic.
a
Arizona data excludes years 2005–2007.
b
Among male deliveries.
c
Excludes Michigan data.
d
Excludes Florida and Michigan data.