TABLE 3—
Marginal Effects and OLS Parameter Estimates of SNAP Participation on Beverage Consumption by Type: United States, NHANES 2005–2008
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverages |
Alcohol |
Other Beverages |
||||
| SNAP Participation Status | Probability of Consuming, Marginal Effect (95% CI) | OLS on Log Calories, b (95% CI) | Probability of Consuming, Marginal Effect (95% CI) | OLS on Log Calories, b (95% CI) | Probability of Consuming, Marginal Effect (95% CI) | OLS on Log Calories, b (95% CI) |
| Main results | ||||||
| Current SNAP | 0.020 (−0.034, 0.075) | 0.078 (0.040, 0.196) | −0.001 (−0.056, 0.053) | −0.097 (−0.319, 0.125) | −0.030 (−0.081, 0.022) | 0.086 (−0.074, 0.245) |
| Not current, SNAP past 12 mo | −0.004 (−0.099, 0.091) | 0.227** (0.067, 0.386) | 0.047 (−0.042, 0.136) | −0.184 (−0.522, 0.154) | −0.021 (−0.147, 0.106) | 0.138 (−0.090, 0.366) |
| Observations, no. | 4594 | 3460 | 4594 | 894 | 4594 | 2907 |
| R2 | 0.172 | 0.181 | 0.158 | 0.058 | ||
| Instrumental variable estimate results | ||||||
| Current SNAP | −0.0062 (−0.014, 0.002) | −1.308*** (−1.791, 0.825) | 0.0003 (−0.014, 0.015) | 0.091 (−0.483, 0.665) | −0.0021 (−0.016, 0.012) | 0.257 (−0.114, 0.628) |
| F for instruments | 441.53 | 12.84 | 1114.26 | 6.42 | 62.46 | 76.93 |
| Observations, no. | 4365 | 3278 | 4365 | 845 | 4365 | 2775 |
Note. CI = confidence interval; NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; OLS = ordinary least squares; SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Weights and sampling design applied in estimation. Probit marginal effects are calculated at sample means for continuous variables and for binary variables, for moving from a value of 0 to 1. Additional controls include age, male indicator, race/ethnicity indicators, marital status, education, household size, household income relative to the federal poverty line, presence of children in the household, body mass index, and whether the individual is on a restricted diet. For both sets of estimates, the reference group is nonparticipants. Estimates use data from the 2005–2008 NHANES, adults aged ≥ 20 years with household income ≤ 250% of the annual US Census Bureau federal poverty thresholds averaged for the corresponding NHANES survey years.
**P < .01; ***P < .001; difference from non-SNAP group,