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. 2014 Jan 13;74(5):912–920. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204343

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Autophagy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients versus healthy controls. (A–C) Representative images of CD19⁺ B cells, CD4⁺ T cells, and CD14⁺ monocytes with high and low numbers of LC3+ punctae, and comparison with healthy controls. CD19⁺ B cell LC3⁺ puncta count is correlated with SELENA-SLEDAI disease activity index (D). (E) Increased autophagic flux in SLE patients. Isolated CD19⁺ B cells from patients were incubated with 10 μM chloroquine in complete RPMI media for 2 h, and then analysed by multispectral imaging flow cytometry. Each point represents one individual patient or healthy donor. **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.