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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2014 May 12;37(3):186–193. doi: 10.1037/prj0000072

Table 1.

Demographic and Recovery-related Differences between Parents and Non-parents

Variable Total Sample
Frequency (Percent)
Parents (N=113) Non-parents (N=51) Test of Significance (parents vs. nonparents)
Sex (Female) 72 (43.1%) 59 (52.2%) 13 (25.5%) X2(1) = 10.19, p = .001
Ever Married 72 (43.1%) 62 (54.9%) 10 (19.6%) X2(1) = 17.74, p < .001
Employed 20 (12.0%) 6 (5.3%) 13 (25.5%) X2(1) = 13.97, p < .001
Education
 Less than high school 70 (41.9%) 48 (42.5%) 21 (41.2%) X2(2) = .11, p = .948
 High school or GED 61 (36.5%) 41 (36.3%) 18 (35.3%)
 Some college or beyond 36 (21.6%) 24 (21.2% 12 (23.5%)
Living independently 91 (54.5%) 68 (60.2%) 21 (41.2%) X2(1) = 5.11, p = .024
Race
 Black 91 (54.8%) 59 (52.7%) 31 (60.8%) X2(2) = .94, p = .624
 White 59 (35.5%) 43 (38.4%) 16 (31.4%)
 Other 16 (9.6%) 10 (8.9%) 4 (7.8%)
Total Sample
Mean (SD)
Parents Non-Parents Test of Significance

Age 44.1 (10.4) 44.9 (10.3) 42.7 (10.6) t(162) = 1.27, p = .207
API Decision-making Subscale 2.4 (.8) 2.5 (.8) 2.3 (.9) t(161) = 1.77, p = .078
API Information seeking Subscale 4.4 (.5) 4.3 (.5) 4.5 (.3) t(161) = −1.98, p = .049
HCRT 50.2 (10.3) 51.5 (8.9) 48.1 (12.3) t(160) = 1.97, p = .050
State Hope Scale 17.5 (3.8) 17.3 (3.7) 17.9 (4.3) F(1,159) = .32, p = .574
PAM-MH 55.5 (13.5) 53.3 (11.5) 60.7 (16.3) F(1,160) = 5.97, p = .016
RAS Total 158.9 (20.0) 158.4 (19.8) 160.1 (21.1) F(1,159) = .07, p = .787

Note: API = Autonomy Preferences Index; HCRT = Health Care Relationship Trust Scale; PAM-MH = Patient Activation Measure, Mental Health version; RAS = Recovery Assessment Scale