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Summary of gambierol molecular targets and downstream signaling events. Gambierol acts as a high-affinity (in nanomoles) blocker of K+ channels and a modest affinity (in micromoles), low-efficacy partial agonist at Na+ channels. Collectively, these actions increase neuronal excitability and spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations leading to p-ERK activation with a bidirectional influence on neurite outgrowth. IP3, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; NMDAR, NMDA receptor.
