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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 3.
Published in final edited form as: Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2014 Jun;15(2):137–147. doi: 10.1007/s11154-013-9280-6

Figure 5. Rate Limiting Enzymes and Biochemical Substrates needed for Liver Glucose Production via Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis.

Figure 5

Liver cell glucose production can be lowered by decreasing the catalytic activity of pyruvate carboxylase (PCase), PEPCK, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (F16PPase) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and increasing the catalytic activity of pyruvate dehydrogenease (PDH). Liver cells cannot synthesize or metabolize branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). Adiponectin upregulation of SOGA inhibits autophagy lowering the availability of gluconeogenic amino acids for the synthesis of glucose.