Table 2.
Release of extracellular ATP during plant growth, development, and stress responses.
| Category | Type of stress | Stimulus | Organism | Tissue | ATP concentration or fold change (peak time) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abiotic stress | Mechanical stimulation | Shaking at 150 rpm | Arabidopsis | Whole seedlings | 3-fold (2 min) | Jeter et al. (2004) |
| Touching by a pipette tip | Arabidopsis | Root and shoot tips | 10–15 nM (1 min) | Weerasinghe et al. (2009) | ||
| Wounding | Arabidopsis | Seedling roots | 70–80 nM (15 min) | Dark et al. (2011) | ||
| Rosette leaves | 25–45 μM (immediately) | Song et al. (2006) | ||||
| Osmotic stress | Sorbitol (300 mM) | Arabidopsis | Whole seedlings | 40–50 nM (15 min) | Dark et al. (2011) | |
| MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2 (100 mM) | Arabidopsis | Whole seedlings | ∼1.5-fold (1 h) | Kim et al. (2006) | ||
| NaCl (100–300 mM) | Populus euphratica | Suspension culture | ∼15 nM (5 min) | Sun et al. (2012) | ||
| Arabidopsis | Whole seedlings | 2.5-fold (1 min) | Jeter et al. (2004) | |||
| 60–70 nM (15 min) | Dark et al. (2011) | |||||
| ∼1.5-fold (1 h) | Kim et al. (2009) | |||||
| Others | L-Glutamate (10 μM) | Arabidopsis | Seedling roots | 25–30 nM (5 min) | Dark et al. (2011) | |
| Light treatment of dark-adapted leaves | Arabidopsis | Guard cells | 3.5-fold (10 min)** | Clark et al. (2011) | ||
| Abscisic acid (10 μM) | Arabidopsis | Seedling roots | 20–30 nM (10 min) | Dark et al. (2011) | ||
| Guard cells | 4.5-fold (5 min)** | Clark et al. (2011) | ||||
| Biotic stress | Pathogen elicitors | Chitin mixture (100 μg/mL) | Medicago truncatula | Root hair | - (30 min)* | Kim et al. (2006) |
| Yeast extract (100 μg/mL) | Salvia miltiorrhiza | Hairy root culture | 70-fold (10 h) | Wu et al. (2008) | ||
| Mycotoxin beauvericin (40 μM) | Wheat | Leaf | ∼1.75-fold | Šrobárová et al. (2009) | ||
| Spontaneous | Cell growth | Cell propagation | Arabidopsis | Suspension culture | - *** | Chivasa et al. (2005) |
| Tip growth | Fiber elongation | Cotton | Ovule fiber | 330 nM | Clark et al. (2010a) | |
| Root hair elongation | Medicago truncatula | Root hair | - * | Kim et al. (2006) | ||
| Pollen germination and elongation | Arabidopsis | Germinating pollen | ∼6-fold | Wu et al. (2007) | ||
| 42.1 pmol/106 pollen | Bernard et al. (2011) | |||||
| ∼4.5 pmol/mg protein | Rieder and Neuhaus (2011) |
(-) Indicates that ATP release was qualitatively visualized rather than quantified. ATP measurement was performed by a conventional luciferase method unless otherwise noted by asterisks as follow: (*) luciferase fused with cellulose binding domain (Kim et al., 2006); (**) luciferase fused with secretory signal peptides (Clark et al., 2011); or (***) thin layer chromatography (Chivasa et al., 2005).