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. 2014 Sep 3;5:954. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00954

Table 5.

Mean statistics and findings of regression analyses for participants' performance in the Simon switching task after partialling out the participants' age (i.e., cognitive maturation).

R2 changea L2 Proficiency R2 changeb L2:L1 ratio
beta t(93) p beta t(93) p
Overall RT 0.001 −0.04 0.37 0.36 0.02 −0.13 1.40 0.09
Error 0.01 −0.08 0.74 0.23 0.01 0.11 0.98 0.17
μ 0.003 −0.06 0.55 0.29 0.03* −0.18* 1.88 0.03
σ 0.01 −0.09 0.78 0.22 0.02 −0.13 1.24 0.11
τ <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.50 0.001 −0.03 0.32 0.38
All trials in the pure block RT 0.002 −0.06 0.55 0.29 0.02 −0.14 1.50 0.07
Error 0.01 −0.10 0.91 0.19 0.01 0.07 0.69 0.25
μ 0.001 −0.04 0.40 0.35 0.02* −0.16* 1.71 0.45
σ 0.002 −0.05 0.45 0.33 0.01 −0.09 0.85 0.20
τ 0.002 −0.05 0.47 0.32 0.003 −0.06 0.63 0.27
All trials in the mixed block RT <0.001 0.01 0.06 0.48 0.01 −0.10 0.98 0.17
Error 0.002 −0.05 0.44 0.33 0.01 0.10 0.95 0.18
μ 0.001 0.03 0.23 0.41 0.02 −0.15 1.41 0.08
σ <0.001 0.01 0.10 0.46 0.10 −0.10 0.95 0.18
τ <0.001 −0.02 0.17 0.44 <0.001 0.02 0.19 0.43
Switch trials in the mixed block RT 0.001 0.03 0.30 0.39 0.01 −0.08 0.84 0.21
Error <0.001 −0.02 0.17 0.44 0.02 0.13 1.29 0.10
Nonswitch trials in the mixed block RT <0.001 −0.01 0.09 0.47 0.01 −0.10 1.02 0.16
Error 0.004 −0.07 0.64 0.27 0.003 0.06 0.53 0.30
Global switch cost RT 0.002 0.05 0.44 0.33 <0.001 −0.01 0.08 0.47
Error 0.001 0.03 0.29 0.39 <0.001 −0.02 0.17 0.44
Local switch cost RT 0.01 0.10 0.84 0.20 <0.001 0.02 0.19 0.43
Error 0.004 0.08 0.67 0.26 0.01 0.11 1.03 0.15
*

p < 0.05 (one-tailed). Please refer to Table 3 for the means and standard deviations of different measures. The R2 changea column shows the increase in R2 after adding L2 proficiency predictor variables alone and its significance. The R2 changeb column shows the increase in R2 after adding L2:L1 ratio predictor variables alone and its significance. The L2 proficiency and L2:L1 ratio columns show the significance of the L2 proficiency and L2:L1 ratio predictor variables in the regression analyses, respectively.