. 2014 Apr 30;3:e9. doi: 10.1017/jns.2014.7

Table 5.

Review of studies investigating the effects of phytochemicals on postprandial glucose and insulin

Study	Subjects	Treatment	Compound	Delayed response in early phase for glucose or insulin?	Significance
Cao et al.⁽ ³⁶ ⁾	Eight healthy elderly women	240 g strawberries, 294 g spinach, 300 ml red wine or 1250 mg vitamin C v. matched control	Various including anthocyanins (strawberries)	No	N/A
Johnston et al.⁽ ⁷ ⁾	Nine healthy adults	400 ml clear or cloudy apple juice v. CHO-matched control	Chlorogenic acid	Yes (glucose) at 15, 30 min (clear) and 15 min (cloudy)	P < 0·05
Kay & Holub⁽ ³⁷ ⁾	Eight healthy men	100 g freeze-dried wild blueberry powder in 500 ml water + high-fat meal v. matched placebo control	Anthocyanins	No	N/A
Bryans et al.⁽ ³⁸ ⁾	Sixteen healthy adults; 4 m, 12 f	1 or 3 g black tea + 75 g glucose in 150 ml water v. CHO-matched control	Tea polyphenols: flavan-3-ols, catechins	No. Late-phase reduction in glucose	N/A
Wilson et al.⁽ ³⁹ ⁾	187 healthy adults	High- or low-energy 240 ml cranberry juice + 80 mg vitamin C v. matched controls	Proanthocyanidins	Yes (glucose) at 30 min Yes (insulin) up to 60 min	No
Hlebowicz et al.⁽ ⁴⁰ ⁾	Fifteen healthy adults; 9 m, 6 f	300 g rice pudding + 1 or 3 g cinnamon	Methyl hydroxychalcone	Yes (both) up to 60 min	No (glucose) Yes (insulin)
Josic et al.⁽ ⁴¹ ⁾	Fourteen healthy adults; 7 m, 7 f	300 ml green tea together with white bread and sliced turkey v. CHO-matched control	Flavan-3-ols, catechins	Yes (glucose) up to 60 min	No
Lehtonen et al.⁽ ⁴² ⁾	Ten healthy men	Sea buckthorn crushed berries + yogurt + 50 g glucose v. matched control	Flavonols	Yes (insulin) at 30 min	P < 0·05
Törrönen et al.⁽ ³³ ⁾	Twelve healthy adults; 1 m, 11 f	150 g berry purée (blackcurrants, cranberries, strawberries, bilberries) + 35 g sucrose (800 mg total polyphenols) v. sucrose + CHO-matched control	Anthocyanins	Yes (glucose) at 15 and 30 min	P < 0·05 (15 min), P < 0·01 (30 min)
Clegg et al.⁽ ⁴³ ⁾	Twelve healthy adults; 3 m, 9 f	100 g blueberries or raspberries in a pancake meal v. CHO-matched control and glucose	Anthocyanins	No	N/A
Wootton-Beard & Ryan⁽ ⁴⁵ ⁾	Seventeen healthy adults; 7 m, 10 f	70 ml beetroot juice + white bread v. CHO-matched control	Betalains	Yes (insulin) at 15 min	P < 0·05
Törrönen et al.⁽ ³² ⁾	Fourteen healthy adults; 3 m, 11 f	300 ml blackcurrant juice or blackcurrant juice fortified with crowberry powder (mainly anthocyanins 89 mg/100 g v. 178 mg per 100 g)	Anthocyanins	Yes (glucose) at 30 min Yes (insulin) up to 45 min	No
Törrönen et al.⁽ ³⁴ ⁾	Fifteen healthy adults	150 g berry purée + 35 g sucrose v. sucrose + CHO-matched control	Anthocyanins	Yes (glucose) up to 45 min Yes (insulin) at 15 min	P < 0·05 (15 min), P < 0·01 (15 min)
Törrönen et al.⁽ ³⁵ ⁾	Twenty healthy women	150 g blackcurrant and lingonberry purée or nectar + 35 g sucrose v. CHO-matched control	Anthocyanins	Yes (glucose) up to 30 min Yes (insulin) up to 30 min	No
Linderborg et al.⁽ ⁴⁴ ⁾	Ten healthy men	40 g lingonberry powder in yoghurt + 50 g glucose v. CHO-matched control – lingonberry	Flavonol glycosides	Yes (glucose) same as berries Yes (insulin) up to 60 min	No No

N/A, not applicable; CHO, carbohydrate; m, male; f, female.