Table 4.
Blood pressure in the pretest control group and in those drinking water, casein, skimmed milk or the whey drink*
(Mean values and standard deviations)
| Week –12 | Week 0 | Week 12 | Change† | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Paired test‡ | Treatment§ | Treatment‖ | |
| Brachial SBP (mmHg)¶ | |||||||||||
| Pretest control | 111·4 | 8·6 | 110·9 | 8·5 | – | – | –0·5 | 5·8 | P = 0·651 | – | – |
| Water | – | – | 111·8 | 7·9 | 110·8 | 6·6 | –1·1 | 6·3 | P = 0·242 | P = 0·513 | – |
| Casein | – | – | 109·3 | 7·6 | 110·0 | 5·8 | –0·4 | 5·4 | P = 0·644 | P = 0·729 | P = 0·763 |
| Skimmed milk | – | – | 109·1 | 6·5 | 109·8 | 7·4 | 0·7 | 6·1 | P = 0·458 | P = 0·962 | P = 0·431 |
| Whey | – | – | 111·3 | 7·4 | 113·7 | 9·7 | 2·0 | 7·8 | P = 0·105 | P = 0·098 | P = 0·009 |
| Brachial DBP (mmHg)¶ | |||||||||||
| Pretest control | 64·3 | 5·9 | 63·7 | 6·1 | – | – | –0·6 | 4·3 | P = 0·443 | – | – |
| Water | – | – | 65·3 | 7·6 | 63·8 | 5·8 | –1·5 | 5·6 | P = 0·067 | P = 0·056 | – |
| Casein | – | – | 66·1 | 5·9 | 63·9 | 5·7 | –1·8 | 5·0 | P = 0·036 | P = 0·040 | P = 0·767 |
| Skimmed milk | – | – | 65·3 | 6·1 | 64·7 | 5·6 | –0·5 | 5·7 | P = 0·558 | P = 0·294 | P = 0·342 |
| Whey | – | – | 64·5 | 5·7 | 65·2 | 5·6 | 0·6 | 5·9 | P = 0·498 | P = 0·793 | P = 0·061 |
| Central SBP (mmHg)** | |||||||||||
| Pretest control | 94·2 | 5·8 | 93·7 | 6·5 | – | – | –0·5 | 4·9 | P = 0·604 | – | – |
| Water | – | – | 94·8 | 5·3 | 93·8 | 4·8 | –1·0 | 4·4 | P = 0·117 | P = 0·291 | – |
| Casein | – | – | 93·6 | 6·0 | 93·9 | 5·4 | 0·1 | 5·1 | P = 0·935 | P = 0·766 | P = 0·440 |
| Skimmed milk | – | – | 93·6 | 5·7 | 92·8 | 5·9 | –0·7 | 4·5 | P = 0·348 | P = 0·274 | P = 0·930 |
| Whey | – | – | 94·5 | 5·4 | 96·6 | 7·4 | 1·7 | 6·0 | P = 0·068 | P = 0·085 | P = 0·002 |
| Central DBP (mmHg)** | |||||||||||
| Pretest control | 65·8 | 5·6 | 65·6 | 6·6 | – | – | 0·0 | 4·4 | P = 0·966 | – | – |
| Water | – | – | 66·5 | 7·3 | 64·4 | 5·5 | –2·2 | 5·5 | P = 0·010 | P = 0·006 | – |
| Casein | – | – | 67·7 | 5·8 | 65·7 | 6·0 | –1·8 | 5·1 | P = 0·048 | P = 0·034 | P = 0·540 |
| Skimmed milk | – | – | 66·6 | 6·5 | 66·2 | 5·7 | –0·3 | 5·5 | P = 0·705 | P = 0·267 | P = 0·061 |
| Whey | – | – | 66·2 | 5·5 | 67·1 | 5·2 | 0·9 | 5·2 | P = 0·276 | P = 0·875 | P = 0·003 |
SBP, systolic blood pressure; –, no measurements were performed; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
There were no differences between the four test-drink groups at baseline (week 0).
† For test drinks, calculated as the change from week 0 to week 12; in the pretest control group, calculated as the change from week –12 to week 0.
‡ Level of significance between week 0 and week 12 for the test-drink groups and between week –12 and week 0 for the pretest control group.
§ Level of significance for difference over the intervention between the test-drink group and the pretest control group.
|| Level of significance for difference over the intervention between the milk-based test drink and water.
¶ For brachial blood pressures, at week –12 (n 32); at week 0 (water (n 50), casein (n 47), skimmed milk (n 48), whey (n 48)); at week 12 (water (n 50), casein (n 36), skimmed milk (n 44), whey (n 43)).
** For central blood pressures, at week –12 (n 30); at week 0 (water (n 48), casein (n 44), skimmed milk (n 46), whey (n 45)); at week 12 (water (n 47), casein (n 36), skimmed milk (n 42), whey (n 42)).