Table 5.
Measurements of arterial stiffness and the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the pretest control group and in those drinking water, casein, skimmed milk or the whey drink*
(Mean values and standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges (IQR))
| Week –12 | Week 0 | Week 12 | Change† | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Paired test‡ | Treatment§ | Treatment‖ | |
| PWV (m/s)¶ | |||||||||||
| Pretest control | 4·65 | 0·58 | 4·66 | 0·65 | – | – | –0·04 | 0·46 | P = 0·611 | – | – |
| Water | – | – | 4·81 | 0·72 | 4·79 | 0·59 | –0·04 | 0·51 | P = 0·647 | P = 0·787 | – |
| Casein | – | – | 4·85 | 0·68 | 4·86 | 0·81 | 0·06 | 0·46 | P = 0·469 | P = 0·746 | P = 0·517 |
| Skimmed milk | – | – | 4·83 | 0·88 | 4·75 | 0·64 | –0·02 | 0·73 | P = 0·899 | P = 0·855 | P = 0·932 |
| Whey | – | – | 4·62 | 0·60 | 4·68 | 0·61 | 0·08 | 0·49 | P = 0·265 | P = 0·797 | P = 0·544 |
| Aix (%)** | |||||||||||
| Pretest control | 0·27 | 12·21 | –0·92 | 12·08 | – | – | –0·34 | 10·09 | P = 0·860 | – | – |
| Water | – | – | 1·59 | 9·53 | –0·66 | 10·18 | –2·12 | 9·96 | P = 0·152 | P = 0·869 | – |
| Casein | – | – | –2·23 | 8·16 | –1·02 | 9·11 | 1·60 | 9·00 | P = 0·300 | P = 0·323 | P = 0·333 |
| Skimmed milk | – | – | –0·53 | 11·19 | –3·02 | 11·36 | –2·00 | 9·42 | P = 0·182 | P = 0·673 | P = 0·489 |
| Whey | – | – | –2·09 | 8·26 | –1·65 | 9·47 | –0·60 | 10·57 | P = 0·719 | P = 0·670 | P = 0·753 |
| CRP (mg/l)†† | |||||||||||
| Pretest control | P = 0·117 | – | – | ||||||||
| Median | 0·28 | 0·37 | – | 0·05 | |||||||
| IQR | 0·05–0·81 | 0·14–1·15 | – | –0·15 to 0·50 | |||||||
| Water | P = 0·714 | P = 0·315 | – | ||||||||
| Median | – | 0·29 | 0·31 | 0·00 | |||||||
| IQR | – | 0·11–0·87 | 0·11–1·01 | −0·12 to 0·25 | |||||||
| Casein | P = 0·041 | P = 0·885 | P = 0·360 | ||||||||
| Median | – | 0·34 | 0·36 | 0·01 | |||||||
| IQR | – | 0·09–1·13 | 0·11–1·87 | 0·00 to 0·52 | |||||||
| Skimmed milk | P = 0·063 | P = 0·880 | P = 0·190 | ||||||||
| Median | – | 0·21 | 0·51 | 0·04 | |||||||
| IQR | – | 0·05–0·79 | 0·22–1·20 | –0·19 to 0·53 | |||||||
| Whey | P = 0·209 | P = 0·827 | P = 0·383 | ||||||||
| Median | – | 0·53 | 0·44 | 0·05 | |||||||
| IQR | – | 0·11–1·11 | 0·16–1·21 | –0·11 to 0·31 | |||||||
PWV, pulse wave velocity; –, no measurements were performed; Aix, augmentation index.
There were no differences between the four test-drink groups at baseline (week 0).
† For test drinks, calculated as the change from week 0 to week 12; in the pretest control group, calculated as the change from week –12 to week 0.
‡ Level of significance between week 0 and week 12 for the test-drink groups and between week –12 and week 0 for the pretest control group.
§ Level of significance for difference over the intervention between the test-drink group and the pretest control group.
|| Level of significance for difference over the intervention between the milk-based test drink and water.
¶ For PWV, at week –12 (n 31); at week 0 (water (n 48), casein (n 45), skimmed milk (n 42), whey (n 47)); at week 12 (water (n 44), casein (n 32), skimmed milk (n 36), whey (n 42)).
** For Aix, at week –12 (n 30); at week 0 (water (n 48), casein (n 44), skimmed milk (n 46), whey (n 45)); at week 12 (water (n 47), casein (n 36), skimmed milk (n 42), whey (n 42)).
†† For CRP, at week –12 (n 32); at week 0 (water (n 47), casein (n 46), skimmed milk (n 47), whey (n 48)); at week 12 (water (n 48), casein (n 34), skimmed milk (n 41), whey (n 39)).