Table 2.
Changes from baseline (intervention group, n 43; control group, n 40) to endpoint (intervention group, n 37; control group, n 35) in participant characteristics, measured energy intake (EI) and macronutrient intake as well as total energy expenditure (TEE) for overweight and obese 10-year-old children participating in a 2-year randomised controlled trial (Mean values and standard deviations)
| Intervention group | Control group | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endpoint (n 37) | Change* | Endpoint (n 35) | Change* | |||||||||
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | P† | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | P† | P‡ | P§ | |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Girls | 0·417 | 0·480 | – | 0·478 | ||||||||
| n | 15 | −2 | 18 | –2 | ||||||||
| % | 41 | −12 | 51 | –10 | ||||||||
| Boys | 0·417 | 0·480 | – | 0·478 | ||||||||
| n | 22 | −4 | 17 | −3 | ||||||||
| % | 39 | −15 | 49 | −15 | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 12·4 | 1·10 | 2 | – | 12·5 | 0·94 | 2 | – | – | 0·697 | ||
| Weight (kg) | 59·1 | 12·6 | 8·08 | 6·10 | 0·000 | 60·3 | 11·7 | 9·96 | 6·12 | 0·000 | 0·216 | 0·658 |
| Height (cm) | 157 | 0·01 | 8·93 | 5·85 | 0·000 | 156 | 0·03 | 6·72 | 25·9 | 0·000 | 0·698 | 0·884 |
| BMI║ (kg/m2) | 23·8 | 2·82 | 0·66 | 1·36 | 0·007 | 23·5 | 2·88 | 0·90 | 1·62 | 0·004 | 0·513 | 0·648 |
| BMI group║ | ||||||||||||
| Normal weight | 0·025 | 0·006 | – | 0·897 | ||||||||
| n | 9 | 7 | 10 | 9 | ||||||||
| % | 24 | 350 | 29 | 90 | ||||||||
| Overweight | 0·025 | 0·006 | – | 0·897 | ||||||||
| n | 22 | −6 | 19 | −11 | ||||||||
| % | 60 | −21 | 54 | −37 | ||||||||
| Obese | 0·025 | 0·006 | – | 0·897 | ||||||||
| n | 6 | −7 | 6 | −3 | ||||||||
| % | 16 | −54 | 17 | −33 | ||||||||
| BMR¶ (kJ/d) | 7290 | 1180 | 780 | 1020 | 0·000 | 7230 | 1330 | 730 | 1200 | 0·002 | 0·851 | 0·851 |
| TEESW** (kJ/d) | 1080 | 1830 | 410 | 1920 | 0·236 | 1100 | 2230 | 110 | 1900 | 0·747 | 0·543 | 0·553 |
| EIDHI†† (kJ/d) | 7910 | 1340 | –1270 | 2210 | 0·002 | 8630 | 1900 | 810 | 2460 | 0·061 | 0·530 | 0·072 |
| TEESW:BMR | 1·50 | 0·23 | –0·09 | 0·33 | 0·135 | 1·57 | 0·44 | 0·11 | 0·56 | 0·280 | 0·844 | 0·168 |
| EIDHI:BMR | 1·11 | 0·22 | –0·31 | 0·37 | 0·000 | 1·24 | 0·38 | –0·22 | 0·47 | 0·013 | 0·411 | 0·040 |
| EIDHI:TEESW | 0·74 | 0·14 | –0·15 | 0·26 | 0·003 | 0·80 | 0·20 | –0·07 | 0·22 | 0·099 | 0·911 | 0·157 |
| Protein (g) | 82·1 | 19·6 | –11·6 | 21·4 | 0·003 | 84·3 | 21·0 | –5·45 | 26·8 | 0·267 | 0·305 | 0·274 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 233 | 43·7 | –40·6 | 67·4 | 0·001 | 250 | 65·6 | –43·7 | 86·7 | 0·009 | 0·870 | 0·132 |
| Monosaccharides (g) | 26·6 | 11·8 | –10·2 | 16·6 | 0·001 | 29·9 | 15·2 | –10·4 | 20·1 | 0·007 | 0·974 | 0·316 |
| Disaccharides (g) | 80·3 | 26·1 | –11·6 | 29·6 | 0·027 | 86·3 | 36·8 | –20·1 | 51·7 | 0·038 | 0·408 | 0·531 |
| Sucrose (g) | 46·9 | 22·1 | –2·29 | 24·2 | 0·580 | 55·1 | 34·0 | –8·48 | 43·2 | 0·283 | 0·469 | 0·305 |
| Dietary fibre (g/1000 kJ) | 2·03 | 0·59 | 0·08 | 0·66 | 0·478 | 1·85 | 0·55 | –0·11 | 0·68 | 0·354 | 0·242 | 0·143 |
| Fat (g) | 65·8 | 15·7 | –9·15 | 25·1 | 0·039 | 76·4 | 21·6 | –1·26 | 25·1 | 0·782 | 0·208 | 0·022 |
| SFA (g) | 28·4 | 7·60 | –4·73 | 11·9 | 0·025 | 32·3 | 10·2 | –2·13 | 13·9 | 0·402 | 0·417 | 0·065 |
| MUFA (g) | 23·7 | 6·27 | –2·88 | 9·55 | 0·083 | 27·4 | 8·13 | –0·22 | 8·74 | 0·887 | 0·245 | 0·048 |
| PUFA (g) | 8·32 | 2·44 | –0·72 | 3·91 | 0·282 | 9·86 | 4·09 | 3·37 | 3·10 | 0·510 | 0·216 | 0·100 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 236 | 76·4 | –43·2 | 95·5 | 0·011 | 289 | 131 | 10·5 | 128 | 0·651 | 0·056 | 0·035 |
| Protein (E%) | 17·6 | 2·86 | 0·18 | 2·28 | 0·641 | 16·7 | 2·58 | 0·59 | 2·69 | 0·233 | 0·508 | 0·711 |
| Carbohydrates (E%) | 51·7 | 5·20 | –0·70 | 5·76 | 0·477 | 50·6 | 5·95 | –3·52 | 7·26 | 0·011 | 0·084 | 0·231 |
| Sucrose (E%) | 9·88 | 4·17 | 0·89 | 3·50 | 0·140 | 10·4 | 5·13 | –0·79 | 6·18 | 0·482 | 0·172 | 0·994 |
| Fat (E%) | 30·7 | 4·47 | 0·30 | 5·20 | 0·736 | 32·8 | 6·37 | 2·88 | 7·18 | 0·033 | 0·097 | 0·174 |
| SFA (E%) | 13·4 | 2·45 | –0·15 | 3·07 | 0·778 | 14·1 | 3·54 | 0·68 | 4·63 | 0·411 | 0·384 | 0·484 |
| MUFA (E%) | 11·2 | 2·07 | 0·26 | 2·27 | 0·507 | 12·0 | 2·48 | 0·11 | 2·55 | 0·022 | 0·155 | 0·321 |
| PUFA (E%) | 3·95 | 1·02 | 0·22 | 1·26 | 0·315 | 4·31 | 1·49 | 0·57 | 1·38 | 0·029 | 0·279 | 0·352 |
SW, SenseWear armband; DHI, diet history interview; E%, energy percentage of total intake.
* At baseline eighty-three children (intervention group, n 43; control group, n 40) had complete DHI and were included in the analysis.
† Difference within intervention and control groups from baseline to endpoint measurements calculated by a paired-sample t test.
‡ Difference in the changes from baseline to endpoint between the two groups calculated by an independent-sample t test.
§ Difference between intervention and control groups at endpoint calculated by the following statistical tests: χ2 test for the proportion of girls and boys as well as BMI group classification and one-way ANCOVA for the intake of energy and macronutrients.
║ BMI cut-offs are age- and sex-specific and were applied to each individual according to the International Obesity Task Force and linked to the definition of overweight at ≥18 years of age (BMI 25–30 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2)( 22 ).
¶ BMR calculated according to Schofield( 15 ) for normal-weight children and Dietz et al.(33) for overweight and obese children.
** TEE measured by a SenseWear armband over 4 d.
†† Reported EI by a DHI covering 14 d.