Panel A: levels of circulating bisphenol A (BPA) achieved in control (open circles) and BPA treated (closed circles) pregnant sheep on d 50, 70, and 90 of gestation (d 20, 40, and 60 of treatment, respectively) following daily administration of 5 mg/kg of BPA, subcutaneous (Savabieasfahani et al., 2006). Panel B: maternal levels of BPA (mean ± SEM) in Southeastern Michigan relative to maternal age (Padmanabhan et al., 2008).