. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 3.

Published in final edited form as: J Aging Phys Act. 2012 Sep 4;21(2):186–207. doi: 10.1123/japa.21.2.186

Table 4. Change in Muscle Volume, Functional Strength, and Maximum Isometric Joint Moment in the Resistance-Training (RT) and Control (Con) Groups.

	Model Containing Only Main Effect of Group					Model Containing Main Effects and Interaction of Group and Sex

	Least-Squares Mean of Change					Mens Least-Squares Mean of Change		Women's Least-Squares Mean of Change

	Con	RT	F^a	P	η²^b	Con	RT	Con	RT	F^c	P^d	η²^b
Muscle volume (cm³)
wrist flexs	4.73	18.57	1.84	.203	.08	20.87	49.39	−11.34	−12.32	2.4	.156	.09
wrist exts	−10.67	2.10	3.59	.085	.16	−1.95	23.25	−18.82	−19.62	5.4	.042^*	.18
elbow flexs	−10.03	16.47	7.80	.017^*	.40	1.25	45.92	−21.71	−12.58	5.4	.043^*	.19
elbow exts	−4.25	14.14	4.20	.065	.25	12.64	28.08	−21.09	0.15	0.1	.757	.01
shoulder abds	−10.78	6.05	1.310	.277	.09	−4.93	16.54	−16.39	−4.68	0.1	.744	.01
shoulder adds	−18.74	28.17	10.10	.009^*	.46	−11.08	58.34	−28.70	0.30	2.0	.191	.08
Functional strength (N)
pulling	7.55	30.14	15.50	.003^*	.52	21.56	34.77	−0.76	23.10	0.4	.569	.01
reaching	1.68	2.20	0.22	.644	.01	3.23	3.63	0.12	0.77	0	.910	0
Maximum isometric joint moments (Nm)
wrist flexn	2.84	7.02	2.43	.145	.12	7.35	12.63	−1.67	1.43	0.2	.700	.01
wrist extn	−1.34	0.41	2.58	.134	.07	1.18	3.07	−3.86	−2.25	0	.907	0
elbow flexn	2.48	9.37	0.82	.382	.04	9.03	22.47	−4.71	−3.09	0.6	.471	.03
elbow extn	5.67	1.86	0.11	.743	.01	22.42	−5.55	−8.12	6.30	4.9	.049^*	.24
shoulder abdn	−5.20	−7.73	0.20	.664	.01	−1.03	−11.87	−9.10	−3.86	2.0	.183	.10
shoulder addn	2.14	24.59	5.23	.041^*	.25	9.88	42.72	−5.46	6.34	0.9	.369	.04

Note. flexs = flexors; exts = extensors; abds = abductors; adds = adductors; flexn = flexion; extn = extension; abdn = abduction; addn = adduction.

Because models involving volume adjust for body mass, all tests for models including volume are performed as F(1, 11). Models for functional strength and maximum isometric joint moment do not adjust for body mass and are performed as F(1, 12).

η² defined as SS (group)/SS (total).

A11 tests involving volume are performed as F(1, 10) and functional strength and maximum isometric joint moment as F(1, 11).

For Group × Sex.

Significant at an α level of .05.