Table 1.
Sound segments used as stimuli, and the occurrences of corresponding sounds in Korean, Vietnamese, Cantonese, and Mandarin
| length stimuli | sibilant stimuli | filler stimuli | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | alveolo-palatal | retroflex | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| m | n | l | s | j | w | f | m: | n: | l: | s: | j: | w: | f: | (Vs)c | ɕ | tɕ | ʑ | dʑ | ʂ | tʂ | ʐ | dʐ | x | χ | ʁ | ʝ | |
| Kor | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √a | √a | √a | √b | (√) | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||
| Viet | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | (√) | √ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cant | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | (√) | (√) | (√) | √ | ||||||||||||||||
| Mand | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √d | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||
a
Almost exclusively as a result of phonological assimilation.
b
Korean tense [s] is sometimes analyzed as long.
c
Vs=vowels; long vowels were not included in the stimuli.
d
Alveolo-palatals and retroflexes are allophones in Mandarin.