Table 3.

Mood Outcomes in Naïve-Participant Studies

Study	N	Interaction	Outcome Measures	Results	Hedges’s g [95% CI]
K. Abrams et al., 2001	61	Groups 6 delivered speeches	VAS, AAS, Positive thoughts inventory	Decrease anxiety: Increase positive thoughts	0.45 [−0.08, 0.99]
Babor et al., 1983	16	Dyads performed competitive tasks	POMS	Increase elation and friendliness	0.51 [0.01, 1.01]
Del Porto & Masur, 1984†	40	Groups 4 unstructured interaction	Structured mood interview	Increase euphoria and emotionality	0.75 [0.12, 1.38]
De Wit & Doty, 1994	27	Groups 2-4 unstructured interaction	POMS	Increase elation, friendliness and positive mood	0.42 [0.04, 0.81]
Doty & De Wit, 1995a†	41	Groups 3-4 unstructured interaction	POMS	Increase elation, positive mood and friendliness.	0.51 [0.19, 0.83]
Doty & De Wit, 1995b	13	Groups 3-4 unstructured interaction	POMS	Decrease anxiety: Increase friendliness	0.84 [0.24, 1.44]
Doty et al., 1997	25	Groups 3-4 unstructured interaction	VAS	Increased lighthearted mood	0.48 [0.08, 0.89]
Doty et al., 1994	19	Dyads unstructured interaction	POMS	NS	0.00 [−0.51, 0.51]
Fairbairn & Sayette, 2013a	720	Groups 3 unstructured interaction	Multi-item mood inventory	Increase positive mood: Decrease negative mood	0.59 [0.32, 0.86]
Holdstock & De Wit, 1999	27	Groups 3-4 unstructured interaction	POMS	Increase friendliness, elation and positive mood	0.39 [0.01, 0.77]
Kirchner et al., 2006	54	Groups 3 unstructured interaction	Perceived social bonding	Increase bonding	0.54 [−0.06, 1.14]
Kirkpatrick & de Wit, 2013†	44	Dyads unstructured interaction	Multi-item mood inventory	Decrease dysphoria, increase sociability	0.54 [0.22, 0.86]
Lindfors & Lindman, 1987	16	Groups 4 watch video then discuss	Multi-item mood inventory	Increase positive mood: Decrease negative mood	0.99 [−0.15, 2.14]
Monahan & Samp, 2007	42	Dyads perform cooperative tasks	STAI	Decrease anxiety	0.62 [0.01, 1.23]
Pliner & Cappell, 1974†	120	Groups 3 cooperative task	Multi-item mood inventory	Increase friendly and elation: Decrease unhappy and bored.	0.77 [0.20, 1.35]
Sayette et al., 2012a	720	Groups 3 unstructured interaction	Perceived social bonding	Increase bonding	0.59 [0.32, 0.86]
Sher, 1985 †	98	Groups 3-5 unstructured interaction	Multi-item mood inventory	Increase Pleasure. No setting by alcohol interaction.	0.43 [0.04, 0.83]
Smith et al., 1975a	36	Acquainted dyads unstructured interaction	Multi-item mood inventory	NS	0.20 [−0.28, 0.68]

^†Study featured factorial design in which subjects were tested both in a social setting and in isolation

^aResults drawn from same sample of participants

NS = No significant effects; AAS = Audience Anxiousness Scale; STAI = State Trait Anxiety Inventory; POMS = Profile of Mood States; VAS = Visual Analogue (mood) Scale.

In the column headed “results” we aimed to reflect all findings identified as significant by study authors. In our own effect size calculations, we adjust for the effects of nesting and average effects across all outcomes for which sufficient information was provided to inform these calculations.