Table 1.

Characteristics of the Study Sample by Race/Ethnicity

Variable	Total (N = 250)	African American (n = 133)	Hispanic/Latino (n = 117)	p-value
Socio-demographic Characteristics
Age, M (SD)	53.1 ± 12.4	51.6 ± 13.0	54.7 ± 11.4	0.05
Female, n (%)	172 (68.8)	88 (71.8)	84 (66.2)	0.34
Education, n (%)
< High School	151 (60.4)	52 (39.1)	99 (84.6)	<0.01
High School Graduate	47 (18.8)	39 (29.3)	8 (6.8)
> High School	52 (20.8)	42 (31.6)	10 (8.6)
Annual household income, n (%)
Less than $20,000	142 (73.6)	82 (70.7)	60 (77.9)	0.26
More than $20,000	51 (26.4)	34(29.3)	17 (22.1)
Health Insurance Status, n (%)
Yes	154 (61.6)	91 (68.4)	63 (53.9)	0.02
No	96 (38.4)	42 (31.6)	54 (46.2)
Biomedical/Disease-related Factors
Body Mass Index, M (SD)	33.18 ± 7.0	34.5 ± 7.7	31.7 ± 5.8	0.05
Glycemic Control (A1c), M (SD)	8.60 ± 2.37	9.0 ± 2.6	8.1 ± 2.1	<0.01
Household members with Diabetes
None	44 (17.6)	25 (18.8)	19 (16.2)	0.80
One	154 (61.6)	82 (61.7)	72 (61.5)
More than one	52 (20.8)	26 (19.6)	26 (22.2)
Insulin Use
Yes	86 (34.4)	56 (42.1)	30 (25.6)	<0.01
No	164 (65.6)	77 (57.9)	87 (74.4)
Psychological Factors
Diabetes Distress, M (SD) (possible range 1-6)	2.61 ± 1.23	2.7 ± 1.2	2.6 ± 1.3	0.51
Diabetes-related psychosocial self-efficacy, M (SD) (possible range 1-5)	4.22 ±0.65	3.6 ± 0.8	3.9 ± 0.7	<0.01
Diabetes Self-Care Activities
Total Score, M (SD)	3.65 ± 1.37	3.7 ± 1.4	3.6 ± 1.4	0.30
General diet, M (SD)	3.66 ± 2.31	3.7 ± 2.3	3.7 ± 2.4	0.92
Specific diet, M (SD)	3.95 ± 1.65	3.7 ± 1.4	4.2 ± 1.8	0.01
Physical activity, M (SD)	2.48 ± 2.11	2.6 ± 1.9	2.3 ± 2.3	0.27
Blood glucose testing, M (SD)	3.61 ± 2.68	4.1 ± 2.5	3.0 ± 2.8	<0.01
Foot Care, M (SD)	4.53 ± 2.47	4.6 ± 2.4	4.5 ± 2.5	0.90
Smoking Status, n (%)
Yes	54 (21.6)	37 (27.8)	17 (14.5)	0.01
No	196 (78.4)	96 (72.2)	100 (85.5)

Note. Data are n (%) or mean (±SD).

Employment status category of “other” includes homeworkers, students, and those retired and/or unable to work.